VANADIUM PENTOXIDE (CAP: 50 KG/DAY)
[EIRI/EDPR/0733] J.C.: 9345INR, 9345US$
INTRODUCTION
Vanadium(V) oxide (vanadia) is the chemical compound with the formula V2O5. Commonly known as vanadium pentoxide, this orange solid is the most important compound of vanadium. Upon heating it reversibly loses oxygen. Related to this ability, V2O5 catalyses several useful aerobic oxidation reactions, the largest scale of which underpins the production of sulfuric acid from sulfur dioxide. It is a poisonous orange solid which, because of its high oxidation state, is both an amphoteric oxide and an oxidising agent. Unlike most metal oxides, it dissolves slightly in water to give a pale yellow, acidic solution.The mineral form of this compound, shcherbinaite, is extremely rare, almost always found among fumaroles. A mineral trihydrate, V2O5•3H2O, is also known under the name of navajoite. V2O5 is an amphoteric oxide. Thus it reacts with strong non-reducing acids to form solutions containing the pale yellow salts containing dioxovanadium(V) centers. V2O5 + 2HNO3 → 2VO2(NO3) + H2O. It also reacts with strong alkali to form polyoxovanadates, which have a complex structure that depends on pH. If excess aqueous sodium hydroxide is used, the product is a colourless salt, sodium orthovanadate, Na3VO4. If acid is slowly added to a solution of Na3VO4, the colour gradually deepens through orange to red before brown hydrated V2O5 precipitates around pH 2. These solutions contain mainly the ions HVO42− and V2O74− between pH 9 and pH 13, but below pH 9 more exotic species such as V4O124− and HV10O285− predominate. Thionyl chloride converts it to VOCl3. V2O5 + 3SOCl2 → 2VOCl3 + 3SO2. V2O5 is easily reduced in acidic media to the stable vanadium(IV) species, the blue vanadyl ion (VO(H2O)52+). This conversion illustrates the redox properties of V2O5. For example, hydrochloric acid and hydrobromic acid are oxidised to the corresponding halogen, e.g., V2O5 + 6HCl + 7H2O → 2[VO(H2O)5]2+ + 4Cl− + Cl2. Solid V2O5 is reduced by oxalic acid, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide to give vanadium(IV) oxide, VO2 as a deep-blue solid. Further reduction using hydrogen or excess CO can lead to complex mixtures of oxides such as V4O7 and V5O9 before black V2O3 is reached. Vanadates or vanadyl(V) compounds in acid solution are reduced by zinc amalgam through the interestingly colorful pathway:
COST ESTIMATION
Plant Capacity 50 Kg./Day
Land & Building (8000 sq.mt.) Rs. 48.70 Lac
Plant & Machinery Rs. 21.10 Lac
Working Capital for 1 Month Rs. 5.75 Cr
Total Capital Investment Rs. 6.95 Cr
Rate of Return 64%
Break Even Point 25%
CONTENTS
EXTRACTION OF VANADIUM PENTOXIDE
VANADIUM (V) OXIDE
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ACID-BASE REACTIONS
REDOX REACTIONS
THE IONS ARE, OF COURSE, ALL HYDRATED TO VARYING DEGREES.
PREPARATION
USES
FERROVANADIUM PRODUCTION
SULFURIC ACID PRODUCTION
OTHER OXIDATIONS
OTHER APPLICATIONS
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
METHODS:
APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING VANADIUM PENTOXIDE
METHOD OF PREPARING VANADIUM PENTOXIDE
DESCRIPTIONS
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 3
MACHINERY REQUIRED FOR PLANT & LABORATORY
GRINDER
MAGNETIC SEPARATION EQUIPMENT (PRE-CONCENTRATION)
ROASTING
LEACHING & PRECIPITATION
SOLVENT EXTRACTION
LIST OF MANUFACTURERS & SUPPLIERS
APPENDIX – A:
01. PLANT ECONOMICS
02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
