CRUDE OIL REFINING
[CODE NO 3458]
Crude oil, also called petroleum, is a complex mixture of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons), which exist as a liquid in the earth's crust. Crude oil has many compositions, some is black, thick and tar like, while other crude oils are lighter in color and thinner. The carbon and hydrogen in crude oil are through to have originated from the remains of microscopic marine organisms that were deposited at the bottom of seas and oceans and was transformed at high temperature and pressure into crude oil and natural gas.
This oil and gas migrates upward through the porous rock, as it is less dense than the water which fills the pores. The oil and gas is trapped by a layer of impermeable rock through which they can't flow. Several different types of oil and gas "traps" exist; a common dome formed by folded sedimentary rocks. Crude oil is obtained by drilling a hole into the reservoir rock (sandstone, limestone etc.) and pumping it out.
Although all fractions of petroleum find uses, the greatest demand is for gasoline. One barrel of crude petroleum contains only 25-35% gasoline. Transportation demands require that over 50% of the crude oil be converted into gasoline. To meet this demand some petroleum fractions must be converted to gasoline. This may be done by "cracking" - breaking down large molecules of heavy heating oil; "reforming"- changing molecular structures of low quality gasoline, molecules; or "polymerization" - forming longer molecules from smaller ones. Conversion oil Refining.
Petroleum products are usually grouped into three categories; light distillate (LPG, gasoline, Naphtha), middle distillate (kerosene, diesel), heavy Distillate and residium (heavy fuel oil, lubricating oil, wax, asphalt).
This classification is based on the way crude oil is distilled and separated into fraction (called distillate and residuum).
COST ESTIMATION
Plant Capacity : 25000.00 BARRELS/day
land & Building (40000 Sq.Mtr) : Rs. 32.00 Cr
Plant & Machinery : Rs. 92.50 Cr
Working Capital for 2 Months : Rs. 753.00 Cr
Total Capital Investment : Rs. 887.00 Cr
Rate of Return : 71%
Break Even Point : 18%
INTRODUCTION
BASICS OF CRUDE OIL
TYPICAL APPROXIMATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES AND
GASOLINE POTENTIAL OF VARIOUS CRUDES
PROPERTIES
OVERVIEW OF CRUDE OIL RESERVES
GLOBAL MARKET POSITION OF CRUDE OIL REFINING
CRUDE OIL REFINING SCENARIO IN AFGHANISTAN
USES AND APPLICATIONS
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
SEQUENCES IN CRUDE OIL FEFINING
REFINING OF PETROLEUM CRUDE OIL
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
VACUUM DISTILLATION
CRACKING
PROCESSING & REFINING CRUDE OIL
FIGURE: CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION
FIGURE: IMPORTANT PROCESSES OF A REFINERY
PRODUCTS MADE FROM A BARREL OF CRUDE OIL (GALLONS)
FIGURE: PRODUCTS MADE FROM CRUDE OIL
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF CRUDE OIL REFINING
PROCESS DETAILS
BASIS STEPS IN CRUDE OIL REFINING
DISTILLATION
CRACKING
TREATING
REFORMING
PRETREATMENT OF CRUDE OIL
DETAILS OF ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
PREVENTION METHOD OF CORROSION IN CRUDE OIL REFINERIES
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND SAFETY CONCERN IN CRUDE OIL REFINERY
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
BOILERS
COOLING TOWER
HEAT EXCHANGER
STORAGE TANKS
MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
APPENDIX – A:
1. COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2. LAND & BUILDING
3. PLANT AND MACHINERY
4. FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5. RAW MATERIAL
6. SALARY AND WAGES
7. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9. COST OF PRODUCTION
10. PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11. BREAK EVEN POINT
12. RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13. INTEREST CHART
14. DEPRECIATION CHART
15. CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET