Complete Technology of Biomass, Chemicals from Biomass, Biofuels & Biodiesels Manufacture Hand Book

Complete Technology of Biomass, Chemicals from Biomass, Biofuels & Biodiesels Manufacture Hand Book

 

The Book covers the following chapters: Biochemical Conversion Of Biomass, Ethanol Fermentation, Acetone-Butanol Fermentation, Hydrogen Fermentation, Lactic Acid Fermentation, Silage, Composting, Chemicals From Biomass, Bio-Based Chemicals Value Added Products From Biorefineries, Glycerol From A Biodiesel Process, Production Of First And Second Generation Biofuels, Second Generation Biofuels, Types Of Biorefinery, Types Of Biofuels, Technology Applications For Bioethanol, Conversion Of Local Filamentous Algae Growing, Biofuel Production From Water Hyacinth, Biodiesel Production From Waste Sunflower, Jatropha Oil Production For Biodiesel, Biogas From Jatropha Seedcake, Activated Carbon From Waste Biomass

 

Preface

Generally, the advancement of industrialization is accompanied by the increase in the production of industrial machines including diesel engines and automobiles, increasing the consumption of the diesel oil used as a fuel. Of  various  fuels  produced,  diesel  oil  is  competitive   because of  its  lower  cost,  but  is  problematic  in  that  combustion using  diesel  oil  as  fuel  causes  greater  pollution  than  other  kinds  of  fuel. Bio-fuel development in India mainly around the cultivation and processing of Jatropha Plant seeds which are very rich in oil (%). Jatropha provides immediate economic benefit at the local level since it grows well in dry marginal non-agricultural lands. In  recent  years  there  has  been  a  renewed  interest  in alternatives to petroleum-based fuels . The  alternative  fuels  must be  technically  acceptable ,  economically  competitive,  environmentally  acceptable  and  easily  available. The  need  for  these  fuels  arises  mainly  from  the  standpoint  of  preserving  global  environment  and  concern  about  long-term  supplies  of  conventional  hydrocarbon  based  fuels. Among  the  different  possible   sources,  bio- fuels  derived  from  triglycerides (vegetable  oil/ animal fats)  present a  promising  alternative. Although  triglycerides  can  fuel  diesel  engines  their  viscosities  and  poor  cold  flow  properties  have  led  to  investigation  of  various  derivatives. Fatty  acid  methyl  esters  derived  from  triglycerides  and  methanol  known as  bio-diesel,  have  received  the  most  attention. Vegetable  oils  are  widely  available  from  a  variety  of  sources. Unlike  hydrocarbon  based  fue,  the  sulfur  content  of  vegetable  oil  is  zero  and  hence  the  environmental  damage  caused  by  sulphuric  acid  is  reduced. For  this  whole  world  only  vegetable  oil  will  not  be  enough ,  so  other  alternatives  should  be  worked  out . The  main  advantage  of  bio-fuel  is  its  renewability ,  better  quality  exhaust  gas  emission ,  its  biodegradability  and  given  that  all  the  organic  carbon  present  in   photosynthetic  in  origin,  it  does not  contribute  to  a  rise  in  the  level  of  CO in the atmosphere  and consequently  to  the  green  house  effect. There  is no such publication available  in  the  market.  

 

We   have  compiled  all  the   informations  and  published  it  in  the  form  of  a   book.    All  the  chapters  of  the  book  are  arranged  in a  systematic  manner. This  particular  book  will  be  helpful  to  our  Planning  Commisioners,  Scientists, Ph D  Scholars   and  Students  for  their  successful  up  to  date  informations.

 

Detailed Contents:

 

Biochemical Conversion of Biomas

Ethanol Fermentation

Acetone-Butanol Fermentation

Hydrogen Fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Silage

Composting

Chemicals From Biomass

Bio-based Chemicals -Value Added Products from Biorefineries

Glycerol (Medical Grade) from a Bio-Diesel Process

Production of First and Second Generation Biofuels

Second generation biofuels

Types of biorefinery

Types of Biofuels

Technology Applications for Bioethanol

Conversion of local filamentous algae growing 

Biofuel Production From Water Hyacinth 

Biodiesel Production from Waste Sunflower 

Jatropha Oil Production For Biodiesel

Biogas from Jatropha Seedcake

Activated Carbon from Waste Biomass

List of Tables

Table  Compositions of Various Biomass (%).

Table  Comparison of materials available for 

composting and other recycling technologies

Table  Preliminary Economic Screening of the 

Glycerol Potential

Table  Suggested routes biobased propylene.

Table  Market potential of acrylic acid and main 

derivates.

Table  SWOT-analysis biorefineries

Table   Application of oleochemicals.

Table  Green diesel fuel properties.

Table  Ethanol from renewable lignocellulosic 

feedstocks.

Table  Fuel properties of ethanol, gasoline, 

blended gasoline.

Table  Physico-chemical properties of bo-oil 

produced from different biomass.

Table : Properties of ethanol

Table : Ethanol production steps by feedstock 

and conversion technique

Table : Parameters of bioethanol in comparison 

with petrol

Table  Determination of acid value and viscosity of 

PSCO and WSCO

Table :Characteristics of produced biodiesels in 

contrast with standard value

Table  Biodiesel Specifications and test methods 

of ASTM D and EN  standard,

Table  Comparison of fuel properties of jatropha oil, 

jatropha oil methyl ester and diesel fuel

Table  Elemental analysis of different types of 

biomass based on dry matters (wt%). not measured

List of figures

Fig.  Schematic diagram of biomethanation

Fig.  Biomethanation flow of kitchen garbage.

Fig.  Ethanol Fermentation by Melle-Boinot Process

Fig.  Production process of ethanol and high fructose 

syrup from corn.

Fig.   Reaction pathway of Asetone-Butanol 

fermentation.

Fig. Pathway of hydrogen fermentation

Fig.  Lactic acid yield from lactic acid fermentation 

with kitchen garbage

Fig.  Forage cutting (left) and stack silo (right).

Fig.  Cell form (left) and inoculant (right) of 

lactic acid bacteria "Chikuso "

Fig.  Roll bale silage making (left) and 

wrapping (right) of rice straw.

Fig.  Concept image of composting process.

Figure  Star Diagram of -Hydroxypropionic Acid

Figure   Succinic Acid Chemistry to Derivatives

Figure  Simplified PFD of Glucose Fermentation to 

Succinic Acid

Figure   Derivatives of FDCA

Figure  Derivatives of -HPA

Figure  Aspartic Acid Chemistry to Derivatives

Figure  Derivatives of Glucaric Acid

Figure  Glutamic Acid and its Derivatives

Figure  Itaconic Acid Chemistry to Derivatives

Figure - Derivatives of Levulinic Aid  

Derivative considerations

Figure  - -HBL Chemistry to Derivatives

Figure  - Derivatives of Glycerol

Figure  - Sorbitol Chemistry to Derivatives

 Figure  - Chemistry to Derivatives of Xylitol and 

Arabinitol

Fig.  Ethylene value chain.

Fig.  Market breakdown for propylene glycol

Fig.  Potential Succinic acid value chain.

Figure  Chemicals derived from levulinic acid.

Figure  Examples of commercial fatty acid 

derived monomers. TOFA = tall oil fatty acids.

Fig.  is a glycerol preparation flow chart according 

to the present method

Fig. is a schematic drawing showing the arrangement 

of the pre-treatment unit according to the present method

Fig.   is a schematic drawing showing the arrangement

of the by-product separator unit according to the present 

method

Fig.  is a schematic drawing showing the arrangement 

of the thin film evaporator unit according to the present 

method

Fig.  is a schematic drawing showing the arrangement 

of the crude glycerol mixture dehydrator unit according 

to the present method.

Fig.  is a schematic drawing showing the arrangement 

of the industrial grade glycerol molecular distillatory 

unit according to the present method.

Fig.  is a schematic drawing showing the arrangement 

of the medical grade glycerol molecular distillatory unit 

according to the present metod.

Fig.  is a schematic drawing of a public facility 

constructed according to the present method.

Fig.  Comparison of first, second generation biofuel 

and petroleum fuel.

Fig.   Biomass as renewable feed stock for 

biorefineries.

Fig.  Biomass conversion processes.

Fig.   Whole crop biorefinery.

Fig.  (a) Dry mill process and (b) Wet mill process

Fig.  Anaerobic digestion.

Fig.  (a) Basic oleochemicals and downstream

oleochemicals and derivatives and (b) basic oleochemicals 

and downstream oleochemicals and derivatives production 

flow.

Fig.  Production of ,-ethanediamine using various 

routes.

Fig.  Second generation biofuel production 

from biomass.

Fig.  Thermo-chemical conversion processes.

Fig.  Fluidized bed fast pyrolysis ‘‘Green process.

Fig.  Biomass based FT synthesis process.

Fig.  Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol.

Fig.  Supercritical water conversion of biomass

Fig.  Green biorefinery

Fig.  Forest based and lignocellulosic biorefinery

Fig.  Classification of algae species.

Fig.  Algae bio-refinery.

Fig.  Schematic of an integrated biorefinery.

Fernando et al.

Figure : Process chains for fuel production

Figure : Pathways of different biofuels

Figure : Types of feedstock for ethanol production

Figure : Harvested sugar beets

Figure : Sugar cane plantation (India)

Figure : Plants, seeds and stalks of sweet sorghum

Figure : Different types of starchy crops for 

ethanol production

Figure : Blooming potato plants (left) and their starchy 

tubes

Figure : Primary cellulosic wastes, such as forest 

waste (left) and agricultural residues (right)

Figure : Willow plantation (left) and poplar 

leaves (right)

Figure : Sugar mill for bioethanol production from 

sugar cane in Brazil

Figure : Grain-to-ethanol-process

Figure : Distillery for bioethanol production 

from sugarcane.

Figure : Co-products: bagasse from sugarcane (left) 

and rape seed cake (right)

Figure  Filamentous algae growing in water treatment 

plant launders

Figure  Harvested filamentous algae spread on 

wooden racks for drying in the open air

Figure  X micrographs of filamentous algae 

processed by grinding in liquid nitrogen

Figure  Powdered filamentous algae after 

hammermill processing

Figure  Chlorophyll absorption spectrum for 

methanol extracts of filamentous algae

Figure  Fatty acids converted to fatty acid methyl 

esters via a transesterification reaction

Fig.  Effect of volumetic ratio of sunflower oil...

Fig.  Effect of volumetric ratio of sunflower oil...

Fig.  Effect of different catalysts on ester yield...

Fig.  Effect of catalyst concentration (Reaction...

Figure  Basic schemes for biodiesel production

Figure  Small jatropha oil extraction machinery

Figure  Crude jatropha oil filtering systems in use 

to produce oil clean enough for fuelling modified diesel 

motors (in pumps and generators) and vehicles

Fig.  Scheme of the pyrolysis reactor. Four pockets

are connected in parallel and wrapped round with an 

electric heater. The width of the pockets was  mm.

Fig.  Scheme of the activation reactor. The reaction

tube can be passed through by steam flow. The case 

where the char is inserted has a porous bottom and 

can be removed from the tube.