BIOFERTILIZER
[EIRI/EDPR/4279] J.C.: 2460US$
INTRODUCTION
Fertilizers were welcomed with open arms, for they immediately increased the yield of crops. But their recurrent use has done an irreparable damage to the environment. Excess use of chemical fertilizers has led to the pollution and contamination of the soil, has polluted water basins, destroyed micro-organisms and friendly insects, making the crop more prone to diseases and reduced soil fertility. More and more farmers are now looking for more eco-friendly options. Bio-fertilizers have, to some extent provided an answer to the soil contamination.
Bio-fertilizers are eco-friendly fertilizers, which are being used to improve the quality and fertility of the soil. Bio-fertilizers are made from biological wastes and they do not contain any chemicals. They are beneficial to the soil, as they enrich the soil with micro-organisms that help in producing organic nutrients, which in turn help the soil to fight diseases. They therefore enrich the nutrient quality of the soil. They also restore the depleted nutrients of the soil.
The main sources of bio-fertilizers are bacteria, fungi and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Plants have a special relationship with bacteria and fungi. They provide the plant with nutrition, resistance against diseases and the ability to combat worst climatic conditions.
Bio-fertilizers are being viewed as the future of fertilizers, as they have the ability to solve the problems of salinity of the soil, chemical-run offs from the fields. They, therefore, ensure the well being of the nutrients present in the soil, therefore making the soil more fertile with time.
Bio compost: It is a kind of organic fertilizer, which is prepared from the waste of the sugar industry. The waste is decomposed using a number of human and plants friendly bacteria and Fungi. Bio compost consists of nitrogen, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and plenty of useful fungi like the decomposing fungi. This biofertilizer helps the farmers to increase soil fertility and thereby increase the yield of the crops
Vermi Compost: It is also an organic fertilizer containing nitrogen phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, organic carbon, sulfur, hormones, enzymes, etc. If used over a period of time, the soil becomes extremely fertile and all the lost nutrients are restored back to the turf and the soil remains fertile
Phospho: This is also a kind of bio-fertilizer, which releases insoluble phosphorous in the soil, making it more fertile
Rhizo: It is a bacterial, which induces nitrogen fixing nodules on the roots of vegetables like peas, beans, etc., thereby, playing an important role in agriculture
Azotobacter: Nitrogen plays an extremely important role in plant growth. Azotobacter improves the quantity of atmospheric nitrogen in the soil and makes it available to the plants. It also shields the roots from other pathogens existing in the soil
Trichoderma: It is an eco-friendly fertilizer, which acts as a biocontrol agent and is hyper parasitic against different pathogens in the field
Composter: A composter that breaks down all organic substances like cattle waste, dead leaves, etc. present in the soil and thereby increase the productivity of the soil
Tricho-Card: It is an effective bio-fertilizer, which is an effective destroyer of eggs of many rodents, which eat plants and leaves. It is effective when used for many plants namely sugarcane, cotton, brinjal, corn, jawar, paddy apple, etc.
The name itself is self explanatory. The fertilizers are used to improve the fertility of the land using biological wastes, hence the term biofertilizers, and biological wastes do not contain any chemicals which are detrimental to the living soil. They are extremely beneficial in enriching the soil with those micro-organisms, which produce organic nutrients for the soil and help combat diseases. The farm produce does not contain traces of hazardous and poisonous materials. Thus those products are accepted across the world as Organic ones. Hence for organic farming the use of biofertilizers is mandatory.
Chemical fertilizers mainly, Urea, D.A.P. Super Phosphate, Potash, Zinc Sulphate etc. are being used since long back to boost the crop production which has adverse effects on soil biota thereby increasing the cost of cultivation. It also causes health and environmental hazards along with decline in productivity and quality of produce.
In nature there is a number of useful soil micro-organism which can help plants to get nutrients. Their utility can be enhanced with human intervention by selecting efficient organism culturing them and adding them to soil directly or through seeds. The cultured micro organism beneficial for crop growth and soil fertility packed in some carrier material for easy application in the field are called Biofertilizers.
COST ESTIMATION
Plant Capacity 1000 Ltr./Day
Land & Building (2905 sq.mt.) US$ 7.09 Lac
Plant & Machinery US$ 2.39 Lac
Working Capital for 1 Month US$ 1.18 Lac
Total Capital Investment US$ 11.16 Lac
Rate of Return 26%
Break Even Point 61%
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
BIOFERTILIZERS
ADVANTAGE OF BIOFERTILIZERS OVER CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
BIOFERTILIZERS TECHNOLOGY
DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIOFERTILIZER
RHIZOBIUM
AZOTOBACTER
AZOSPIRILLUM
CYANOBACTERIA
AZOLLA
PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING MICROORGANISMS (PSM)
AM FUNGI
SILICATE SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA (SSB)
PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA (PGPR)
LIQUID BIO FERTILIZERS
ADVANTAGES OF USING BIO-FERTILIZERS
BENEFITS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID BIOFERTILIZER
BENEFITS
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT LIQUID BIO-FERTILIZERS
RHIZOBIUM
QUANTITY OF BIOLOGICAL N FIXED BY LIQUID RHIZOBIUM IN DIFFERENT CROPS
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF LIQUID RHIZOBIUM
AZOSPIRLLIUM
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF LIQUID AZOSPIRILLUM
N2 FIXING CAPACITY OF AZOSPIRILLUM IN THE ROOTS OF SEVERAL PLANTS AND THE AMOUNT OF N2 FIXED BY THEM
PRODUCTION OF GROWTH HORMONES
ROLE OF LIQUID AZOSPIRILLUM UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
SIGN OF NONFUNCTIONING OF AZOSPIRILLUM IN THE FIELD
AZOTOBACTER
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF LIQUID AZOTOBACTER
ROLE OF LIQUID AZOTOBACTER IN TISSUE CULTURE
ROLE OF LIQUID AZOTOBACTER AS A BIO-CONTROL AGENT
ACETOBACETER
EFFECT OF LIQUID ACETOBACTER DIAZOTROPHICUS ON SUGARCANE
DOS AND DON’TS FOR ENTREPRENEURS, DEALERS AND FARMERS
LIQUID BIO-FERTILIZER APPLICATION METHODOLOGY
THERE ARE THREE WAYS OF USING LIQUID BIO-FERTILIZERS
SEED TREATMENT
ROOT DIPPING
SOIL APPLICATION
DOSAGE OF LIQUID BIO-FERTILIZERS IN DIFFERENT CROPS
BENEFITS TO CROP
BENEFITS TO FARMER
BENEFITS TO SOIL
A COMPOSITE CULTURE
COMPOSITION:
BIO-AZO GOLD (A COMPOSIT CULTURE)
BENEFITS TO ENVIRONMENT
CROP RANGE
THIS CAN BE APPLIED TO ANY CROP
DOSE & METHOD OF APPLICATION
TIME OF APPLICATION
USES AND APPLICATION OF BIOFERTILIZER
APPLICATION OF BIO FERTILIZERS
SEED TREATMENT
SEEDLING ROOT DIP
MAIN FIELD APPLICATION
RHIZOBIUM
PHOSPHOBACTERIA
POINTS TO REMEMBER
BIO FERTILIZERS RECOMMENDATION (ONE PACKET - 200G)
PHOSPHOBACTERIA
ADVANTAGES OF BIOFERTILIZER USE
BIOFERTILIZERS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF BIOFERTILISERS
MARKET POSITION
MARKET POTENTIAL OF BIO FERTILIZER
GLOBAL BIOFERTILIZER INDUSTRY - MARKET SIZE (US$ M)
GLOBAL BIO PESTICIDE INDUSTRY - MARKET SIZE (US$ M)
BIOFERTILIZER MANUFACTURING PROCESS
THE PROCESS INVOLVES CULTURE PREPARATION AND THEN PROCESSING
FERMENTATION PROCESS FOR BIOFERTILIZER PRODUCTION
DETAILS FOR PRODUCTION OF A GOOD AND EFFICIENT BIOFERTILIZER
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF BIOFERILIZER
CRITERIA FOR STRAIN SELECTION:
STEPS FOR PREPARING BIO-FERTILIZER:
(A) SEED PELLETING:
(B) INOCULANT CARRIERS:
(C) QUALITY STANDARDS FOR INOCULANTS:
(I) MASS PRODUCTION OF CYANOBACTERIAL BIOFERTILIZERS:
THE FOLLOWING METHODS ARE USED FOR MASS CULTIVATION:
AZOLLA ANABAENA
(II) MASS CULTIVATION OF AZOLLA:
THERE ARE TWO METHODS FOR ITS APPLICATION IN FIELD:
3. ENDOPHYTIC NITROGEN FIXERS:
(I) FACULTATIVE ENDOPHYTIC DIAZOTROPHS:
(II) OBLIGATE ENDOPHYTIC DIAZOTROPHS:
(III) OTHER BACTERIA:
(A) ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ENDOPHYTES:
(B) APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE:
4. BIO-FERTILIZERS AIDING PHOSPHORUS NUTRITION:
PENICILLIUM SOLUBILIZES UNAVAILABLE FROM OF P TO AVAILABLE FORM
5. PRODUCTION OF MYCORRHIZAL BIO-FERTILIZER:
(I) ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI:
(II) VA MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI:
THERE ARE TWO METHODS OF USING THE INOCULUM:
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS AND POLLUTION CONTROL
MANUFACTURING PROCESS STEPS OF BIO-FERTILIZER
PREPARATION OF MOTHER OR STARTER CULTURE
PREPARATION OF BROTH CULTURE
PRODUCTION OF FINAL PRODUCT IN FERMENTER
FILLING & PACKAGING:
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF BIO-FERTILISERS
WHAT ARE BIO-FERTILIZERS
MODE OF ACTION
CRITICAL FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR EFFECTIVENESS
LEVEL OF BENEFITS
OTHER BENEFITS
OUTLINES OF COMMERCIAL MANUFACTURE OF BIO-FERTILIZERS:
THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS IN SHORT INVOLVES
THE STEPS INVOLVED ARE AS FOLLOWS:
CULTURE SELECTION AND MAINTENANCE:
CULTURE AUGMENTATION:
CARRIER STERILIZATION:
MIXING AND PACKING:
LAYOUT OF THE PRODUCTION UNIT:
RAW MATERIAL:
THE CHIEF RAW MATERIALS NEEDED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIOFERTILIZERS ARE AS FOLLOWS
OTHERS:
QUALITY CONTROL:
LIMITATIONS AND CONSTRAINTS
THE MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS INCLUDE:
PRODUCTION PROCESS OF BACTERIAL BIOFERTILIZER
MASS PRODUCTION OF BACTERIAL BIO FERTILIZER
CULTURING OF MICROORGANISMS
GROWTH ON CONGO RED YEAST EXTRACT MANNITOL AGAR MEDIUM
COMPOSITION OF THE N-FREE SEMISOLID MALIC ACID MEDIUM
PHOSPHOBACTERIA: PIKOVSKAYA’S BROTH
INOCULUM PREPARATION
PROCESSING OF CARRIER MATERIAL
PREPARATION OF CARRIER MATERIAL
MIXING THE CARRIER AND THE BROTH CULTURE AND PACKING
PREPARATION OF INOCULANTS PACKET
PRODUCTION OF CORRHIZAL BIOFERTILIZER
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM SHOWING MULTIPLICATION STAGES OF BIOFERTILISER MOTHER CULTURE
STEPS IN BIOFERTILIZER PRODUCTION
PLANT LAYOUT
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
APPENDIX – A:
01. PLANT ECONOMICS
02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
