technology of water and packaged drinking water

Contents-cum-Index

Chapter 1
WATER FOR ALL

• Halving drinking water
• consumption

Chapter 2
WATER

• Institutions and water
• policy
• Water allocation systems
• Property rights systems
• and surface water
• allocation
• A “public utility” model for water allocation and pollution control
• Prices and surface water allocation
• Price impacts on water use
• China
• India
• Indonesia
• Coordinating groundwater extraction
• Conjunctive groundwater and surface water management
• Preserving water quality
• The Water Sellers
• Non-point pollution control options
• Policy issues in irrigated agriculture
• Irrigation in the 1990s and beyond
• Trends in irrigated area
• Crop prices and construction costs
• Efficient water use at the farm level
• Waterlogging, salinity and drainage
• Water quality management
• Small-scale water programmes
• Scarce water resources management
• Supporting action
• Irrigation and land degradation
• Irrigation: Good
• government and good management
• Good government and irrigation performance
• Legitimacy
• Accountability
• Competence
• Rule of law
• Water user associations and NGOs
• Self-financed operations
• The Philippines’ Bureaucratic reform
• Legal and financial status of the NIA
• A gradual approach
• Understanding farmers
• Future directions in water management policy
• The hidden treasure
• What is this groundwater?

Chapter 3
GROUNDWATER MINING

• Undesirable effects of overexploitation
• Benefits of groundwater exploitation
• Management of aquifers' utilization
• Alternatives to groundwater mining
• Artificial recharge of aquifers
• Reclamation and reuse of wastewater
• Desalination
• Weather modification
• Demand modification
• Conclusions

Chapter 4
GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

• Introduction
• Groundwater Occurrence
• Water resources availability and demand
• Groundwater
• development
• Ground water rights
• Groundwater legislation
• Groundwater quality
• Future strategies of groundwater development
• Groundwater development in water logged areas
• Evaluation of deep aquifer systems
• Groundwater development in the eastern parts of the country
• Inter-basin water transfer
• Groundwater development in drought prone areas
• Groundwater-seawater interaction
• Artificial recharge
• Availability of funds
• Water quality monitoring
• Active participation of women
• Conclusions

Chapter 5
FRESHWATER RESOURCES AND THEIR CONJUNCTIVE USE

• Introduction
• The concept of conjunctive use
• Water storage
• Subsurface water storage
• Surface water storage
• Allocation of water releases
• Conjunctive use and irrigation development
• Research thrust and development
• Data base improvement
• Modelling technology
• Simulation models
• Optimization models
• Sustainability criteria
• Spatial analysis procedures
• Decision support systems
• Framework for implementation of conjunctive use R & D
• Institutional issues
• Financial issues
• Challenges for the future
• Rainfall/Runoff processes and modelling
• Groundwater management, monitoring and remediation
• Unsaturated zone
• Exchange with surface water and coupled flow
• Conflict resolution in water management
• Water resource management under climate change
• Concluding remarks
• A global perspective on water scarcity and poverty
• The issue
• Irrigation and poverty alleviation-past achievements
• Impact of water scarcity on the poor
• Emerging groundwater problem
• Marginal areas
• Challenge for poverty alleviation
• Focus on groundwater recharge
• Conjunctive use of surface and ground waters
• Groundwater possibilities in India
• Artificial recharge of groundwater
• Research findings and latest developments

Chapter 6
TECHNOLOGIES FOR RECYCLING OF WASTE WATER

• Pollution prevention in industry
• Total water management approach to recycle of waste water
• Guidelines for selection of recycle scheme
• Recycle technologies
• Effluent treatment
• Tertiary treatment
• Advanced treatment
• Biological treatment
• Clarification
• Filtration
• Adsorption
• Membrane Bio-reactor
• Ultra filtration
• Nanofiltration (NF)
• Reverse osmosis
• Photo Chemical Oxidation (PCO)
• Ion exchange process
• Conclusion

Chapter 7
RECOVERY OF WATER FROM DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER

• Introduction
• Water recovery and TDS management
• Management of residual saline streams
• Conclusion

Chapter 8
REVERSE OSMOSIS

• Filtration spectrum
• Membrane selection
• Pre-treatment
• Post-treatment
• Maintenance
• Energy recovery

Chapter 9
WATER/EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT IN THE FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRIES

• Introduction
• Important consideration
• Advantages of water/effluent treatment

Chapter 10
RECOVERY OF WATER FROM NON CONVENTIONAL RESOURCES

• Background
• Need for TDS management and water recovery
• Technologies for treatment of salinity/TDS and water recovery
• Management of residual saline streams
• Observation and suggestions

Chapter 11
COOLING WATER SYSTEM MANAGEMENT

• Challenges
• Cooling tower
• Blowdown
• Factors affecting corrosion
• Test control method
• Microbiological problem
• Chemistry
• Control
• Other considerations

Chapter 12
WASTE WATER USE

• Planning of water services
• Mapping of urban streets, collection and conveyance of liquid waters
• Sewerage system
• Storm water drainage
• Onsite and end of pipe treatment plants
• Need for master planning
• Inter-linkages between roads and water related services of infrastructure
• BOT projects/public private partnership model for implementation
• Financial investment criteria with BOT implementation

Chapter 13
TECHNIQUES FOR WATER CONSERVATION IN FOOD AND BEVERAGE (F & B) INDUSTRY

• Overview of wastewater generation
• Pre-treatment of wastewater
• Controlling wastewater is highly cost effective
• Continuing to try new ideas
• Water conservation techniques
• Several opportunities in the food industry include

Chapter 14
PLASTICS CONTAINERS FOR DRINKING/POTABLE WATER AND REGULATIONS

• Introduction
• Materials and method
• Packaging materials
• Method
• Results and discussion

Chapter 15
THE GREAT THREAT OF POOR QUALITY OF COUNTERFEITING BOTTLING WATER

Chapter 16
WATER TREATMENT USING OZONE

• Introduction
• Methods of water treatment
• Advantages of OZONE over chlorine
• Ozone
• Ozone dose
• Testing for effective disinfection
• Popular ozone applications
• Economic considerations

Chapter 17
WATER CONSERVATION BY OPTIMIZING WATER USE

• Introduction
• Water conservation opportunity in industries
• Use optimization
• Water recycling
• External used water sources for cooling water system
• Internal used water sources for cooling water systems
• Scheme for selected reuse applications is presented (in flow chart)
• Some Schemes for recycling of Water in CW System
• Reuse of treated sewage for condenser cooling in power plant - a case study
• System details
• Treatment for recycling purpose
• Internal treatment
• Monitoring
• Advantages of treatment
• The treatment leads to following advantages
• Efficient treatment programme
• Water conservation

Chapter 18
NON-CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES TO REMOVE HEAVY METALS FROM WASTEWATER

• Introduction
• Application Of Fly Ash
• Characteristic analysis of Fly Ash
• Effects Of Carbon Content On The Adsorption of Metal Ions
• Coagulation With Sea Water Liquid Bittern
• Membrane Techniques
• Microfiltration
• Reverse Osmosis
• Ultrafiltration
• Nanofiltration
• Liquid Membranes

Chapter 19
COOLING WATER TREATMENT

• Open Cooling Tower Water Balance
• Cooling Water Associated Problems
• Corrosion : Mechanisms, Monitoring & Control
• Corrosion Mechanism
• Corrosion Inhibitors
• Scale
• Scale Control Programs
• Acid Feed
• Alkaline treatment methods
• Fouling
• Types of Fouling
• General Fouling
• Fouling by corrosion products
• Microbiological Fouling
• Process leaks
• Fouling control methods
• Side stream filtration
• Chemical control methods
• Guidelines for C.W. Treatment Selection and Application
• Instrumentation and Monitoring
• Instruments
• Critical Cooling Tower Variables
• Water treatment monitoring software

Chapter 20
ROLE OF MEMBRANE FILTRATION FOR INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT AND WASTEWATER

• Reuse
• Flexographic Ink
• Metal Finishing
• Alkali Cleaner
• Chemical Mechanical Planarization
• Boiler Makeup Water
• Municipal Wastewater Treatment

Chapter 21
MEETING WATER QUALITY NEEDS THROUGH MULTIPLE TECHNOLOGIES

• Carbon Filtration
• Exhaustion
• What does this have to do with treatment trains?
• Carbon Filtration/RO Combo
• Consult the manufacturer
• Emerging Water Needs

Chapter 22
USE OF OZONE IN PACKAGED DRINKING WATER DISINFECTION AND PURIFICATION

• Introduction
• Ozone
• Packaged Drinking Water
• Ozone Treatment
• Safety Aspects
• Advantages of Ozone
• Ozone Treatment System Design

Chapter 23
HOW SAFE IS BOTTLED WATER

• Why NSF Standards

Chapter 24
OZONE – A BOON TO BOTTLERS

• Production of Bottled Water
• What is ozone?
• Properties of Ozone
• How the Ozone is made
• Why Ozone for Disinfection of Water?
• What is Pure & Impure Ozone?
• Ozone: How Safe?
• What are the major components of ozone generator?
• Feed Gas Preparation System
• Pressure and Flow Regulation
• Ozone Production System
• Process Control & Protection
• Ozone Output Indicator & Controller
• Cooling Arrangement
• Cabinet or Enclosure
• How is water ozonation carried out?
• Ozonation by diffusion method
• Inline Ventury Injection system
• Ozone injection by Recirculation method
• What should be the capacity of ozone generator in gm/hr
• Factors affecting the solubility of ozone in water
• Water Composition
• Concentration of Ozone
• Temperature of Water
• Pressure
• Method of Contact
• How The Dissolution of Ozone Is Checked in Product Water?
• Using DTP Tablets
• Using ORP Indicator
• If Ozone Can Be Used For Environmental SteriliZation In Filling Area?
• If Ozone Can Be Used For Cip (Clean In Place) In A Packaged Water Plant?
• What Care Should Be Taken While Using Ozone Generators?

Chapter 25
ADVANCES IN MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY FOR BEVERAGE WATER TREATMENT

• Introduction
• Filtration Characteristics
• System Design
• Activated Carbon
• Future

Chapter 26
APPLICATION OF MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY IN WATER PROCESSING

Chapter 27
OZONE - THE 21ST CENTURY DISINFECTANT

• Water Purification and Disinfection
• Disinfection
• Tastes and odours
• Colour
• Turbidity
• Drinking water
• High purity water systems
• Pharmaceuticals industries
• Electronics industry
• Industrial wastewater pollution control
• Odour control
• Cooling towers - water
• Swimming pools and spas
• Ozone Applications In the Food Industry
• Preservation and storage
• Germicidal effect
• Effect on odors
• Effect on metabolism
• Meat
• Cheese
• Eggs
• Beverages
• Disinfection and removal of odors
• Application for agriculture
• Air Purification Through Ozone
• Hotels and motels
• Hospitals/Nursing Homes/Clinics
• Vehicle restoration
• Fire and restoration

Chapter 28
MANUFACTURING MINERAL WATER I.E. WATER CONTAINING SUFFICIENT/
REQUIRED QUANTITY OF MINERALS WHICH IS REQUIRED TO HUMAN BODIES

• Process
• Raw Water Storage
• Multi Graded sand Filter
• Activated Carbon Filter
• Antiscalant Dosing System
• Ultraviolet Disinfection System
• Micron Filtration
• Osmotic pressure System (High Pressure Pump)
• Desalination System by Reverse Osmosis Membrane Element
• Ion Controlling System
• Storage of Treated Water
• Fine Polishing Filtration
• UV system
• Ozonization
• Rinsing Filling & Capping with Lable shrinking M/c
• Bottle Manufacturing Machine
• Reverse Osmosis Membrane Cleaning System
• Packing of mineral water in Bottles, container or polypack
• The Equipments in the project of packaged drinking water manufacturing unit
• Following are the requirement and it is managed by the purchaser

Chapter 29
PROJECT PROFILE ON PURIFIED BOTTLED WATER

• Purification of Water
• Project Brief
• Project Investment
• Manufacturing Process
• Proposed Product Mix
• The Process Flow
• Strategic Recommendations
• Market Entry Timing
• Key Success Factor
• Marketing
• Pricing
• Product Packaging
• Availability
• Suitability
• Hygiene
• Packaging
• Transportation
• Marking
• Sampling
• Scale of Sample
• Number of Test
• Criteria for Conformity
• Machinery and Equipment Requirements
• Human Resource Requirement
• Land and Building Requirements
• Recommended Mode of Land Acquisition

Chapter 30
TECHNOLOGY AND MARKET TREND OF PACKAGED DRINKING WATER

• Bottled Water Industry in India
• Bottled water top players in India
• History of Bottled water in India
• Variety of packages
• Artesian well water
• Mineral water
• Spring water
• Well water
• Tap Water
• Why Bottled water?
• Bottled Water
• How Safe?
• Water resources overexploited
• Bottled water companies earn high profits
• Plastic Bottles Pollution
• Plastic Bottles requires costly Oil
• The anti-bottling protests
• Pro-tap water consciousness
• Bottled Water law in India
• Health Issue-Purity of bottled water
• Traditional Indian methods of cooling and purifying water
• Rainwater is safe, doesn't bring about adverse effects
• Manufacturing Process
• Filtration
• Desalination
• Reverse Osmosis
• Nanofiltration (NF)
• Ultrafiltration (UF)
• Microfiltration (MF)
• Ultra Violet Unit (UV)
• Recommended maximum concentration levels in Ultra Violet unit
• Ozonation through Ozonator
• What is Ozone?
• Ozone Production
• Rinsing, Filling and Capping Machinery
• Bottle Blowing stations
• Coding and Packing Machines
• Water Treatment Plant
• Laboratory for Water Testing
• RO water Purification Plant

Chapter 31
MINERAL WATER PLANT/ PACKAGED DRINKING WATER PLANT
WITH ISI LAB AND CERTIFICATION

• Mineral Water Plant/ Packaged Drinking Water Plant
• Features
• The Water Treatment
• Plant consists of One or All of the below mentioned process
• Water Storage Tank
• Multi Grade Sand Filter
• Activated Carbon Filter
• Antiscalant Dosing System
• Micron Filters
• Reverse Osmosis System
• Ultra Violet Sterilizer
• Ozone Generator
• Mineral water plant isi consultancy and laboratory setup

Chapter 32
MINERAL WATER PLANT

• Introduction
• Capacity
• Process Flow
• Machines/Equipment Offered
• Purification Section
• Bottle Manufacturing Section
• Bottling Section

Chapter 33
PROJECT PROFILE ON MINERAL WATER

• Product Description and Application
• Pricing and Distribution
• Plant Capacity and Production Programme
• Plant Capacity
• Production Programme
• Materials and Inputs
• Raw Materials
• Utilities
• Technology and Engineering Technology
• Production Process
• Engineering
• Machinery and Equipment
• Land, Buildings and Civil Works
• Manpower
• Requirement
• Total Initial Investment Cost

Chapter 34
THE USE OF DISTILLATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE BOTTLED WATER INDUSTRY

• A matter of dollars and cents
• Two types of systems
• Part of customer awareness
• Conclusion
• FYI: Vapor Compression Technology