PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY OF STEELS AND STAINLESS STEELS
DEFINITIONS OF STEELS WITH SPECIFICATIONS
- Steels: Definitions
- Steel Specifications
STEEL PROCESSING
IRON CARBON EQUILIBRIUM
- Iron Carbon Equilibrium Diagram
CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF IRON
- Effects of Carbon
- Crystal Structures in Fe-C Alloys
- Effects of Alloying Elements
- Critical Temperatures
- Crystal Imperfections and Slip
FERRITE, PEARLITE AND CEMENTITE
- Eutectoid Transformation
- Pearlite Structure
- Pearlite Transformation Kenetics
- Interphase Precipitation
- Divorced Eutectold Transformation: Dispersed Carbide Particles in Ferrite
- Proeutectoid Phase
- Proeutectoid Phase Formation
MARTENSITE
- Martensitic Transformation Kinetics
- Crystallography of Martensitic Transformation
- Morphology of ferrous martensites
- Plate martensite
BAINITE
- Bainite Transformation Start Temperatures
- Bainite versus Ferritic Microstructures
- Upper Bainite
- Lower Bainite
- Bainite Formation Mechanisms
- Mechanical Behaviour of Ferrite Carbide Bainites
MICROSTRUCTURES OF FERRITIC
- Classification System for Proeutectoid Ferritic Microstructures
- Cooling Rate Induced Changes in Ferrite
- Classification Sysems for Ferritic Microstructures
- Polygonal or Equiaxed Ferrite
- Widmanstatten Ferrite
- Quasi Polygonal or Massive Ferrite
- Bainitic or Acicular Ferrite
- Granular Ferrite or Granular Bainitic Ferrite
- Classification System for Proeutectoid Ferritic Microstructures
- Cooling Rate Induced Changes in Ferrite
- Classification Systems for Ferritic Microstructures
- Polygonal or Equiaxed Ferrite
- Widmanstatten Ferrite
- Quasi Polygonal or Massive Ferrite
- Bainitic or Acicular Ferrite
- Granular Ferrite or Granular Bainitic Ferrite
IMPORTANCE OF AUSTENITE IN STEEL
- Austenite Grain Size and Measurement
- Austenite Formation
- Time Temperature Austenitizing Diagrams
- Grain Growth of Austenite
- Effect of Second Phase Particies
- Austenite Grain Size in Aluminium Killed Steels
- Austenite Grain Size Control in Microalloyed Steels
- Hot Deormation of Austenite
PROCESSING EFFECTS ON STEEL
- Types and Origins
- Inclusion Identification and Characterization
- Effect of inclusions on Mechanical Properties
- Solidification Chemical Changes
- Solidification Dendrites and Inter dendritic Segregation
- Hot Work and its Effect on Solidification Structure
- Banded Microstructures
- The Effect of Banding on Mechanical Properties
ISOTHERMAL TRANSFORMATION DIAGRAMS
CONTINUOUS COOLING TRANSFORMATION DIAGRAMS
- Continuous Cooling Transformation and Bar Diameter
FERRITIC MICRO STRUCTURES
- The Ductile to Brittle Transition
- Continuous and Discontinuous Yielding of Ferritic Microstructures
- Aging Phenomena in Ferritic Micro structures
- Grain Size Effects on Strength and Fracture of Ferritic Microstructures
- Dispersion Strengthening of Ferritic Microstructures
- Solid Solution Strengthening of Ferritic Microstructures
LOW CARBON STEELS
- Low Carbon Steel: Hot Rolled Ferrite Pearlite Microstructures
- Low Carbon Steel Processing by Cold
- Rolling & Annealing
- Processing of Cold Rolled and Annealed Sheet Steels for High Formability
- Interstitial Free (IF) Steels
HEAT TREATMENTS
- Annealing
- Normalizing
- Spheroidizing
- Mechanical Properties of FerritePearlite Microstructures
MEDIUM CARBON STEELS
- Processing
- Micro aloying Considerations
- Microstructure of Micro alloyed Forging Steels
- Mechanical Properties of Micro alloyed Forging Steels
- Direct Cooled Steels with Nontraditional Bainitic Microstructures
HIGH CARBON STEELS
- Rail Steels Structure and Performance
- Patenting: Pearlite Formation for High Strength Steel Wire
- Wire Drawing Deformation of Pearlite for High Strength Steel Wire
- Fracture Mechanisms of Patented and Drawn Steel Wire
HARNESS AND HARDENABILITY
- Martensite Strength
- Definitions of Hardenability
- Hardness Distribution
- Factors Affecting Cooling Rates
- Severity of Quench
- Quantitative Hardenability
- Determination of Ideal Size
- Jominy Test for Hardenability
TEMPERING OF STEEL
- Mechanical Property Changes
- Alloying Elements and Tempering
- Structural Changes on Tempering
- Matrix Changes during Tempering
- Oxide Colours on Tempered Steels
TEMPERED CARBON STEELS
- Dynamic Strain Aging in Martensite
- Mechanical behaviour of Low Temperature Tempered Martensite
TOUGHNESS AND EMBRITTLEMENT
- Introduction
- Effects of Primary processing on Toughness
- Hot Shortness Associated with Copper
- Overheating during Heating for Forging
- Aluminium Nitride Embrittlement
- Quench Embrittlement
- Tempered Martensite Embrittlement
- Temper Embrittlement
- Liquid Metal Embrittlement
RESIDUAL STRESSES, DISTORTION, AND HEAT TREATMENT
- Origins of Residual Stresses
- Heat Treatments to Reduce Surface Residual Tensile Stresses
- Evaluation and Preduction of Residual Stresses and Distortion
SURFACE HARDENING
- Flame Hardening
- Induction Heating
- Carburizing Processing Principles
- Carburizing properties and Structure
- Carburizing Fatigue and Fatigue and Fracture
- Nitriding
- Carbonitriding
- Ferritic Nitrocarburizing
STAINLESS STEELS
- Alloy Design and Phase Equilibria
- Austentic Stainless Steels
- Inter granular Carbides in Austenitic Stainless Steels
- Martensite Formation in Austenitic Stainless Steels
- Other Phases in Austenitic Stainless Steels
- Other Austenitic Stainless Steels
- Heat Treatment of Austenitic Stainless Steels
- Ferritic Stainless Steels
- Inter metallic Phases in Ferritic Stainless Steels
- 475oC (885oF)
- Embrittlement in Ferritic Stainless Steels
- Martensitic Stainless Steels
TOOL STEELS
- Introduction
- Classification of Tool Steels
- Tool Steel Alloy Design
- Primary Processing of Tool Steels
- Annealing of Tool Steels
- Stress Relief of Tool Steels
- Hardening of Tool Steels
- Preheating and Austenitizing
- Hardenability and Martensite Formation
- Grain Boundary Carbide Formation
- Tempering of Tool Steels
- Retained Austenite Transformation and Double Tempering in Tool Steels
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