potato and potato processing technology (hand book)

POTATO AND POTATO PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

ORIGIN

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT AND FLOWER PARTS

• Cytology
• Ploidy
• Breeding
• Introduction and Germplasm Collection
• Selection
• Clonal selection
• Method of Clonal Selection
• Merits of clonal selection
• Demerits of clonal selection
• Demerits of clonal selection
• Hybridization
• Size of Breeding Population
• Heterosis in Potato
• Mutation
• Plant Ideotype

NUTRITIVE VALUE

• Energy Value
• Carbohydrates
• Protein
• Fat
• Dietary Fibre
• Vitamins
• Minerals

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

• Germination/Sprouting of Tubers
• Root, Haulms and Sprout Growth
• Dry Matter Production
• Dry Matter Partitioning
• Tuber Initiation and Growth
• Growth Parameters
• Bud Dormancy of Potato Tubers
• Compounds Bud Dormancy
• hloroethanol (CICH2CH2OH)
• Thiourea (NH2CSNH2)
• Gibberellings
• Breaking of Dormancy Through Gene Activation
• Factors Affecting Growth and Development
• Environmental Factors
• Light
• Temperature
• Heat Stress
• Frost
• Mechanism of Freezing
• Cold Stress
• Frost Tolerance
• CO2 supply
• Water Availability
• Water Stress
• Soil
• Nutrient Availability
• Role of Growth Regulators
• Effect of Promoters
• Gibberellins
• Kinins
• Effect of the Inhibitors
• Cycocel(CCC) and B-Nine(B9)
• Abscisic Acid
• Morphactins

AGRO TECHNIQUES

• Climate
• Temperature
• Light
• CO2
• Soil and Soil Preparation
• Planting
• Planting time
• Early Crop
• Spring Crop
• Planting Time for Hill Crop
• Planting Time for Plateau Region Kharif crop
• Rabi crop
• Planting time
• Methods of Planting
• Planting Vis-A-Vis Row Orientation
• Depth of Planting
• Planting Spacing in Relation to seed Size
• Seed Rate
• Whole Tuber
• Cut Potato Tubers
• Seed Dormancy
• Methods of breaking dormancy
• Single Treatment with Thiourea
• Double Treatment
• Triple treatment
• Treatment of Non-dormant Potato seed
• Interculture Operations
• Harvesting and Yield
• Potato Cultivation Under Specific Situations
• Cropping System

MANAGEMENT OF NUTRIENTS

• Nitrogen
• Agro Climatic Zone Wise Recommendation of Nitrogen
• Factors Affecting Nitrogen Response of Potato
• Methods of Application
• Foliar application of Urea
• Phosphorus
• Soaking of seed tubers
• Phosphorus Needs of Potato Crop (Zone Wise)
• Potash
• Potassium needs of Potato Crop (Zone Wise) Response of NPK
• Method and Time of Fertilizer Application
• Organic Manuring
• Micro Nutrients
• Diagnosis of Micro Nutrient Deficiencies of Soils and Plants
• Deficiency Symptoms of Micro Nutrient
• Plant Analysis
• Soil Analysis
• Factors Affecting Response of Potato to Micro Nutrients
• Application of Micro nutrients

MANAGEMENT OF WATER

WEED MANAGEMENT

• Methods of Weed Management
• Non Chemical Methods
• Chemical Methods
• Efficient use of herbicides
• Calibration
• Calculation of herbicides for application
• Integrated Weed Management
• Effect of Herbicides on Quality of Potato 

SEED PRODUCTION

• Seed Potatoes
• Seed Plot Technique
• Planting
• Impact of the technique
• True Potato Seed (Botanical seed)
• Production of hybrid TPS
• Hybridization
• Seed extraction and storage
• Crop production through TPS
• Nursery
• Channel
• Development of Virus free seed of Potato and Testing for Viruses
• Maintenance of virus tested foundations
• Potato Biotechnology
• Elimination of pathogen through meristerm culture
• Potato meristem culture
• Establishment of in vitro cultures
• Steps involved in potato meristem culture
• Meristem Tip culture
• Micro propagation of mericlones
• Micro tubuer production
• Production of micro tubers
• Production of normal tubers
• Synthetic (artificial) seed
• Seed Certification
• The aspects taken into consideration for inspecting the crop they are 

HANDLING OF POST HARVEST POTATO

• Significance
• Post Harvest Losses
• Enhancement of Shelf Life of Potato Tuber
• Avoid Mechanical Tuber Damage Including Internal Bruising
• Sorting and Grading of Tubers
• Wound Healing and Curing
• Dormancy
• Storage Temperature
• Treatment of Tubers Against Diseases and Insect
• Use of Growth Regulators Against Sprouting
• Regulation of Sprouting in Stored Potato
• Pre Harvest Application for Sprout Suppression
• Post Harvest Application for Sprout Suppressions
• Mode of Application
• Storage
• Controlled and Modified Atmosphere Storage of Potato
• Other Storage Methods of Potato
• Improvised Country Storage
• Viability of Stored Potato Seed
• Gamma Irradiation
• Change in Composition During Storage
• Percentage Dry Matter
• Carbohydrates
• Phenolic Compounds
• Glycoalkaloids
• Vitamins
• Processing
• Morphological characters
• Chemical composition
• Dry matter
• Reducing sugar content
• Varieties for processing
• Practical Aspect of Potato Processing
• Popular Potato Products
• Potato Flakes and Granules
• Potato Dice
• Potato Chips
• French Fries
• Canned Potatoes

PROSPECTS FOR POTATO EXPORTS

• Scenario of potato exports from India
• Future prospects for potato exports from India
• SWOT analysis for potato exports

QUALITY PARAMETERS THAT INFLUENCE EXPORT QUALITY OF POTATOES

• Potato varieties
• Tuber shape
• Tuber size
• Tuber skin colour
• Chemical composition
• Diseases
• Pest
• Physiological disorders
• Storability of potatoes
• Recommended Pre-Harvest
• Practices for Potatoes
• Soil characteristics and soil management

AREAS SUITABLE FOR PRODUCING SEED POTATOES

AREAS SUITABLE FOR PRODUCING PROCESSING POTATOES

GRADING OF POTATOES

PACKING OF POTATOES

POTATO STORAGE

• Refrigerated storage of potatoes
• Storage of potatoes at 10-12 DoC

QUALITY REQUIREMENTS

• For ware potatoes
• For processing potatoes
• Morphological characters
• Dry matter content
• Reducing sugars content

POTATO PROCESSING

• Important considerations in Potato Processing
• (A) Specific gravity and dry matter content
• (B) Sugar content
• (C) Discolouration
• (i) Enzymatic discolouration
• (ii) After cooking discolouration
• (ACD)
• (iii) Discolouration of fried products and dehydrated potatoes
• (D) Peeling Potatoes for Processing
• (1) Potato chips/wafers
• (i) Slicing
• (ii) Drying
• (iii) Frying
• (iv) Salting and addition of flavouring materials
• (v) Packaging and storage
• (2) French Fries (Frozen Potato Chips)
• (3) Potato Drying/Dehydration
• (i) Sun Drying
• (ii) Solar Drying
• Solar dehydration of partially cooked potatoes
• (iii) Dehydrated Diced Potatoes
• -Flow Sheet for Processing of Dehydrated Diced Potatoes
• (4) Potato Flour
• (5) Canned Potatoes
• Flow Sheet for Processing of Canned Potatoes

DEHYDRATION OF VEGETABLES

• Dehydration of Various Vegetables
• Asparagus
• Beans, Baked
• Beans, Greek
• Beans, Lima
• Beets
• Broccoli
• Brussels Sprouts
• Cabbage
• Carrots
• Cauliflower
• Celery
• Corn, Sweet
• Garlic
• Greens
• Mushrooms
• Onions
• Peas
• Peppers and Pimientos
• Potatoes (Lrish or White)
• Potato Granules
• Potato Flakes
• White Potato Flour
• Sauerkraut
• Sweet Potatoes
• Tomatoes

POTATO BASED TEXTURED SNACKS

• Raw Materials
• Potato Flakes
• Methods of Manufacture
• Forming and Frying of Wet Dough
• High shear Dry Extrusion
• Low shear Pellet Extrusion
• Potato Chip Manufacture
• Similar Products Using a Basis Other Than Potatoes

POTATO CHIPS/WAFFERS

• Steps in the Process of Manufacture Employed as Follows
• Process of Manufacture
• Details of Machinery
• Operation
• Plant Economics
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

POTATO CHIPS (AUTOMATIC PLANT) WITH IMPORTED MACHINERY

• Packaging Requirements for Fried Potato Chips
• Physico chemical Changes during storage
• Transparent and Opaque Package
• Packaging Materials
• Packaging and Storage studies
• Manufacturing Process
• Treating with chemicals
• Chip Frying
• Batch Frying method
• Method of Batch processing
• Packaging
• Woring of Imported continuous Potato Producing Unit
• Imported Plant & Machinery
• Optional Equipment Available
• Packaging Section
• Investment
• Potato Chips (Imported Plant)

PACKAGING OF SNACK FOODS

• Introduction
• The Product Group
• Packaging Materials for Snack Foods
• Packaging Systems 

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