Detailed Project Report on papain from papaya (papaya latex)

A  common enzyme known as papain is obtained from the  green papaya (pawpaw) fruit. Enzymes are proteins that can increase the rate of biological changes such as the ripening of fruit. At the end  of  an  enzyme  catalysed  reaction  the  enzyme  itself  is unchanged and is able to react again. Enzymes can be generally recognized by the ending -ase. This either  indicates  the nature of the substance affected by the enzyme  (e.g.  carbohydrase  acts on  carbohydrate  material  and proteases  acts  on proteins) or to indicate the  nature of the reaction  e.g.  transferases catalyse the transfer  of  atoms  or groups of atoms within a substance. Enzymes  occur naturally in foods and many traditional  food processing  technologies involve the use of enzymes. Today, with more  advanced  knowledge of food science these  enzymes  can  be extracted,  concentrated  and added to  foods  during  processing (e.g.   meat  tenderizers).  Table  1  describes  some   of   the traditional   technologies  and  the  enzymes  involved.  It   is worthwhile  noting that only relatively recently has  a  detailed understanding of the enzyme-catalysed reactions involved in these food processing technologies become known. One  important group of enzymes are called proteases.  These are   enzymes   which  catalyse  the   breakdown of   proteins. Chillproofing of beer, see Table 1, tenderisation of meat and the production of dough for pizzas and batters for waffles and wafers are  applications of proteases in the food  processing  industry. The most common of these proteases is papain. A  word  of  caution  -  there  are  a  number  of   special difficulties in setting up small-scale papain production and very thorough  research  is needed before attempting to start  such a programme. Specifically these are as follows: * ain is potentially dangerous - prolonged contact will damage the  skin  of  workers'  hands and in some  cases  it  may  cause allergic reactions. *  The  market  for  papain  in  Europe  is  getting  smaller  as alternatives are found and it may be banned from some foods (e.g. beers) in the near future. *  Low  grade (sun dried) papain has a much smaller  market  than higher  quality  spray  dried papain  (see  below).  Therefore  a thorough market survey should be made to ensure that the  product can be sold. *   Plantations  of  papaya  trees  are  needed  for   economical production-collection  from a few trees in home gardens is not  a viable activity. In  India papaya can be described as the common man's  fruit because  it is plentiful and cheap. It is produced  almost  every state, both in kitchen gardens and in farms small and big  sized. Special  mention  may be made of the states  of  Chennai,  Kerala, mysore,  Andhra  Pradesh,  Maharashtra,  Gujarat,  U.P.,   Bihar, Bengal, Assam, in many of which it is available almost throughout the year. The  fruit, after maturity, is very susceptible to  spoilage even unless favourable conditions and much more so under hot  and humid  conditions. The problem of storage and marketing  of  this fruit, particularly during the glut perio, are even more  serious than in the case of most other fruits.
 
MARKET  SURVEY CUM  DETAILED  TECHNO 
ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY  REPORT covers

Introduction
Uses and  Applications
Properties
Market   Survey  with   future   aspects 
Present Manufacturers 
Detailed  Process of  Manufacture 
Formulations
B.I.S. Specifications
Process Flow Sheet Diagram, Plant  Layout,
Cost  Economics  with Profitability Analysis 
Capacity 
Land  & Building  Requirements with Rates
List & Details  of  Plant  and Machinery with their Costs
Raw Materials Details/List and Costs
Power & Water Requirements
Labour/Staff Requirements
Utilities and  Overheads
Total  Capital  Investment
Turnover
Cost  of Production
Break  Even Point
Profitability
Land  Man  Ratio
Suppliers  of  Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials
Cash  Flow Statement
Repayment  Schedule
Interest  Chart
Depreciation Chart
Projected Balance Sheet for 5 Years etc.