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Home Care Products Manufacturing and Formulations (Detergent, Fragrance/Perfume, Scouring Powder, Glass Cleaner, Kitchen & Bathroom Cleaner, Bowl Cleaner, Air Freshener, Floor Cleaner, Shoe Polish, Car Shampoo, Toilet Soap, Shower Gel, Hair Shampoo, Laundry Formulations, Bath & Herbal Soap, Handwash Detergent Powder, Herbal Soap Perfume, Disinfectant, Glass Polish, Moisturizing Cream, Lipstick, Herbal Cream, Toothpaste, Naphthalene Ball, Household & Black Fluid Phenyl, Toilet Cleaner, Herbal Shampoo, Cleaning Powder)
The book covers: Ingredients of Detergents, Builders, Detergent Polymers, Complexing and Dispersing Agents, Bleach Systems for Laundry Detergents, Bleach Systems in Dishwasher Detergents, Bleach in Toilet Cleaners and Hygiene Cleaners, Antimicrobial Agents, Fluorescent Whitening Agents and UV Protection Additives, Fragrance Oils for Household Cleaners with Compositions, Fragrances and Perfumes with Formulae, Detergent Making Formulations, Compositions of Hand Dishwashing Detergents, Laundry Detergents and Automatic Dishwashing Cleaners, Composition of liquid All-Purpose Cleaners, Typical composition of Scouring Powders and Dispersions, Typical composition of Glass Cleaners, Typical Composition of Kitchen and Bathroom Cleaners, Typical Composition of Liquid and Granulated Toilet Bowl Cleaners, Typical Composition of Toilet Rim-blocks and Air Fresheners, Composition of Furniture Cleaner and Care Products, Typical Composition of Floor Cleaners, Typical Compositions of Shoe Polishes, Car wash : Typical Formulation of Prewash Detergents, Formulation of a Car Shampoo, Composition of Windscreen Cleaners (Summer and Winter), Composition of Wash and Wax, and of Car Polishes and Paintwork Cleaners, Foam Cleaner for Abattoirs, Butchers’ Shops, Dairies, and other Food Processing Industries, Institutional Automatic Dishwashing Detergents, Cleaners for Offices and Public Buildings, Composition of Toilet Soaps, Composition of Detergent Bars, Mild Moisturizing Shower Gel, Formulation for a Mild Hair Shampoo, Formulations of Laundry, Formulations for Bathing Soap and Herbal Soap, Formulations of Hand Washing Detergent Powder, Formulations of Herbal Soaps Perfumes, Cost Estimation of Bath Soap (Various Types), Cost Estimation of Bath Soap Manufacturing, Cost Estimation of Cleaner (Colin Type), Cost Estimation of Detergent Cake (Vim Type), Cost Estimation of Detergent Cake And Powder, Cost Estimation Of Detergent Powder (Surf Excel And Wheel Type), Cost Estimation Of Dish Washing Liquid Detergent Sles Based, Cost Estimation Of Floor Cleaner, Cost Estimation Of Hand Wash (High Foaming And Fragrance), Cost Estimation of Hand Washing Detergent Powder, Cost Estimation of Laundry and Dry Cleaning, Cost Estimation of Liquid Soap And Liquid Detergent, Cost Estimation of Nerol Soap, Cost Estimation of Perfumes For Soap, Detergent And Agarbatti Etc, Cost Estimation Of Scouring Bar, Cost Estimation Of Soap And Detergent, Cost Estimation Of Toilet Bowl Cleaner, Plant Economics Of Toilet Soap (Cake Form), Plant Economics Of Washing Powder, Various Formulations For Disinfectant, Formulas Of Glass Polish, Gold Polish, Moisturizing Cream With Aloe Vera Manufacturing with Formulae, Various Type of Lipsticks of Lip Produts Manufacture with Fourmulae, Herbal Cream manufacturing with Formulae, Gel Type Toothpaste Manufacturing with Formulae, Naphthalene Balls Manufacturing with Formulae, Household And Black Fluid Phenyl Unit Formulae, Toilet Cleaner (Harpic Type Liquid Toilet Cleaner) Manufacturing With Formulae, Herbal Shampoo Manufacturing With Formulae, Floor Cleaner (Liquid Antistatic Type), Plant Economics Of Wax, Plant Economics Of White Wood Polish With Formulation, Plant Economics Of Glass Cleaner Unit Formulation, Plant Economics Of Cleaning Powder With Manufacturing Process And Formulations.
home care products manufacturing and formulations
(detergent, fragrance/perfume, scouring powder, glass cleaner, kitchen and bathroom cleaner, bowl cleaner, air freshner, floor cleaner, shoe polish, car shampoo, toilet soap, shower gel, hair shampoo, laundry formulations, bath and herbal soap, hand wash detergent powder, herbal soap perfume, disinfectants, glass polish, moisturizing cream, lipsticks, herbal cream, toothpaste, naphthalene ball, household and black fluid phenyl, toilet cleaner, herbal shampoo, cleaning powder) Preface
The success of any company does not reply only on the efficiency and management methods of the company. There are other factors involved the market performance. Macro business environment refers to all external forces or uncontainable influences that affect organisations and its business environments. This factor ranges from political and legal, economic, social cultural and technology forces. The macro environment is also known as external or remote environment.
As Experts "The operating environment for all organisations is never static and seldom entirely predictable and can therefore profoundly affect a company's course of action."
Market environment is highly competitive globally and locally especially in Asia and Europe. The European free trade policy has major effect on market share as cheaper brands are emerging in European countries. Consumers have wide varieties of products to choose from and will choose based on product quality, brand strength, price and eco-friendly product. This is a moderate treat to some companies because of its brand equity in its products
Market competition in Europe has continued to grow stronger and companies are struggling in places like Netherlands, Germany, and France. For political unstable countries with developing economies like Africa, they implemented marketing strategy to its market share is maintained. Smaller packages are been used for some products for affordably for low- and regular-income earners.
The main target group of most personal, household product and consumer goods manufacturing companies are women. A lot of hygiene, beauty, skin, and hair care products are focused mainly on women. Products like beverages, pets and human food, detergent and home cleaning products are addressed to women as the decision influencers. They have been using sponsored programs attract the attention of its target audience. It is also using marketing and advertisement to establish brand loyalty and persuading customers to purchase their products over other brands.
The home care products market in India has grown due to the increased awareness about health and hygiene, as well as considerable increase in per capita disposable income. Extensive marketing campaigns as well as the launch of new product segments play a major role. Several FMCG majors have entered the homecare market with offerings across multiple product categories. Multinational players have a well-established presence and several regional players are establishing nation-wide presence.
Detergent market has a large share of small and regional players. Penetration of washing machines is considered as a key growth driver for the washing powder market. Other product segments namely fabric conditioners, fabric softeners, laundry aids and specialized liquid detergents for delicate and woollen clothes account for a small share of the market.
The dishwashing sector has witnessed a gradual shift from dishwash powder to dishwash bar segment, especially among middle income population. The Liquid dish wash category is in nascent stage with a range of variants based on fragrance, herbal extracts, anti-bacterial property etc.
Toilet cleaners largely cater to the urban and semi-urban markets. Government initiatives such as 'Swachh Bharath' are major enabler for the toilet cleaners' market. Rising health consciousness is a key factor for the growth of the floor cleaner product category.
CONTENTS
Chapter-1
Ingredients of Detergents 1
Chapter-2
Builders, Detergent Polymers, Complexing and Dispersing Agents
Zeolite Systems
Detergent Polymers
Complexing Agents and Dispersants
Bleach Systems
Chapter-3
Bleach Systems for Laundry Detergents
Chapter-4
Bleach Systems in Dishwasher Detergents
Composition
Hypohalite-Generating Compound
Bromide Releasing Compound
Fluorescent Whitening Agent
Fabric Works
Chapter-5
Bleach in Toilet Cleaners and Hygiene Cleaners
Enzymes
Chapter- 6.
Antimicrobial Agents
Preservatives
Chapter 7.
Fluorescent Whitening Agents and UV Protection Additives
Fragrance Oils, Odor Absorbers,
and Colorants
Odor Thresholds
Fragrance Oils for Laundry Detergents
Chapter 8.
Fragrance Oils for Household Cleaners with Compositions
Odor Absorbers
Chapter-9.
Fragrances and Perfumes with Formulae
Chapter-10.
Detergent Making Formulations
Detergency
Extruded Heavy Duty Detergents
Heavy-Duty Detergent Tablets
Color Heavy-Duty Detergents
Liquid Heavy-Duty Detergents
Specialty Detergents
Powder Specialty Detergents
Liquid Specialty Detergents
Laundry Aids
Pretreatment Aids
Boosters
Aftertreatment Aids
Fabric Softeners
Stiffeners
Laundry Dryer Aids
Other Laundry Aids
Refreshing Products for Dryer Application
Odor Removers for Washer Application
Chapter-11.
Compositions of Hand Dishwashing Detergents,Laundry Detergents and Automatic Dishwashing Cleaners
Chapter-12.
Composition of liquid All-Purpose Cleaners
Chapter-13.
Typical composition of Scouring Powders and Dispersions
Chapter- 14.
Typical composition of Glass Cleaners
Chapter-15.
Typical Composition of Kitchen and Bathroom Cleaners
Chapter-16.
Typical Composition of Liquid and Granulated Toilet Bowl Cleaners
Chapter -17.
Typical Composition of Toilet Rim-blocks and Air Fresheners
Chapter-18.
Composition of Furniture Cleaner and Care Products
Chapter-19.
Typical Composition of Floor Cleaners
Chapter-20.
Typical Compositions of Shoe Polishes
Chapter-21.
Car wash : Typical Formulation of Prewash Detergents
Chapter- 22.
Formulation of a Car Shampoo
Chapter-23.
Composition of Windscreen Cleaners (Summer and Winter)
Chapter-24.
Composition of Wash and Wax, and of Car Polishes and Paintwork Cleaners
Chapter-25.
Foam Cleaner for Abattoirs, Butchers’ Shops,Dairies, and other Food Processing Industries
Chapter-26.
Institutional Automatic Dishwashing Detergents
Chapter-27.
Cleaners for Offices and Public Buildings
Chapter-28.
Composition of Toilet Soaps
Chapter-29.
Composition of Detergent Bars
Chapter-30.
Mild Moisturizing Shower Gel
Chapter-31.
Formulation for a Mild Hair Shampoo
Chapter- 32.
Formulations of Laundry
Liquid Detergents
Highly Alkaline Built Liquid—Non-Phosphate
Formula L-301
Applications
Mixing Instructions
Highly Alkaline Built Liquid—with Phosphate Formula
L-302
Applications
Mixing Instructions
Non-Caustic, Non-Phosphate Built Liquid
Formula L-303
Applications
Mixing Instructions
Two-part Built Liquid For Low Temperature
Institutional Laundry—Part A
Applications
Mixing Instructions
Two-Part Built Liquid for Healthcare and
Hospitality Laundry—Part A
Applications
Mixing Instructions
Two-Part Built Liquid with Solvent Base for Industrial Laundry—Part A
Applications
Mixing Instructions
Two-part Built Liquid Builder
Solutions—Part B
Phosphate/Caustic
Mixing Instructions
Non-phosphate/Caustic
Applications
Mixing Instructions
Light-Duty 2X Concentrated Liquid
Applications
Mixing Instructions
Light-Duty 2X Concentrated Liquid with Bleach
Applications
Mixing Instructions
Light-Duty Liquid for Low Temperature Laundry
Applications
Mixing Instructions
Blood Stain Remover
Applications
Mixing Instructions
Prespotter Formula L-312
Applications
Mixing Instructions
Laundry - Commercial
Industrial Built Powder
Applications
Mixing Instructions
Light-Duty Powder
Applications
Mixing Instructions
Light-Duty Powder with Bleach and Enzymes Formula
L-315
Applications
Mixing Instructions
Economy Powder for Low Temperature Laundry
Applications
Mixing Instructions
Non-Phosphate Shirt Laundry
Mixing Instructions
Premium Shirt Laundry
Applications
Mixing Instructions
Chapter-33.
Formulations for Bathing Soap and Herbal Soap
By Cold Process
White bath soap
Process
Rose Soap
Fancy Soap
Oriental Soap
Himalayan Bouquet Soap
Chapter-34.
Formulations of Hand Washing Detergent Powder
Formulation of Detergent Powder (Low Cost)
Formulation of Detergent Powder (Medium Cost)
Chapter- 35.
Formulations of Herbal Soaps Perfumes
Manufacture of Bath Soap By Remelting Process
Lifebuoy Type Soap
Process
Transparent Soap
Formulation No. 1
Formulation No. 2
Process of Soapmaking
Raw Materials
Process
Perfumes For Herbal Soaps
Soap Perfumery
Honey Soap
Orange Soap
Lemon Soap
Rose Soap
Elder-flower Soap
Transparent Glycerine Soap
Perfume Formulation
Chapter-36.
Cost Estimation of Bath Soap (Various Types)
Plant And Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter-37.
Cost Estimation of Bath Soap Manufacturing
Plant And Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter-38.
Cost Estimation of Cleaner (Colin Type)
Plant And Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter-39.
Cost Estimation of Detergent Cake (Vim Type)
Plant And Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter-40.
Cost Estimation of Detergent Cake And Powder
Plant And Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
For Detergent Cake
For Detergent Powder
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter-41.
Cost Estimation Of Detergent Powder (Surf Excel And Wheel Type)
Plant And Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter-42.
Cost Estimation Of Dish Washing Liquid Detergent Sles Based
Plant And Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter-43.
Cost Estimation Of Floor Cleaner
Plant And Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter-44.
Cost Estimation Of Hand Wash (High Foaming And Fragrance)
Plant And Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter-45.
Cost Estimation of Hand Washing Detergent Powder
Plant And Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter-46.
Cost Estimation of Laundry and Dry Cleaning
Plant And Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter-47.
Cost Estimation of Liquid Soap And Liquid Detergent
Plant And Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turnover/Annum
Chapter-48.
Cost Estimation of Nerol Soap
Plant And Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter-49.
Cost Estimation of Perfumes For Soap,Detergent And Agarbatti Etc.
Plant And Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter-50.
Cost Estimation Of Scouring Bar
Plant And Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter-51.
Cost Estimation Of Soap And Detergent
Plant And Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter-52.
Cost Estimation Of Toilet Bowl Cleaner
And Hand Dishwasher Liquid
Plant And Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter-53.
Plant Economics Of Toilet Soap (Cake Form)
Plant And Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter-54.
Plant Economics Of Washing Powder And Washing Soap
Plant And Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter-55.
Various Formulations For Disinfectants
Introduction
Chapter-56.
Formulas Of Glass Polish, Gold Polish And Glass Scratch Remoner
Glass Polish
Ingredients
Mixing
Use
Cautions
Glass Scratch Remover
Chapter-57.
Moisturizing Cream With Aloe Vera Manufacturing with Formulae
Introduction
Properties of Good Quality Moisturizing Cream with Aloe Vera
Uses and Applications
Raw Materials Require and their Availability
Moisturizing Cream with Aloe Vera
Formulation
Manufacturing Process
Chapter-58.
Various Type of Lipsticks of Lip Produts Manufacture with Fourmulae
Composition
Waxes and Oils
Acetoglycerides
Bromo Mixture
Insoluble Dyestuffs and Lake Colours
Additives
Lipstick Formulae
Manufacture
Other Lip Products
Chapter-59.
Herbal Cream manufacturing with Formulae
Introduction
Requirement of Good Herbal All Purpose Cream
Properties of a Good Herbal All Purpose Cream
Uses and Applications
Raw Materials Require and its Availability
Herbal All Purpose Cream
Formulation
Manufacturing Process
Plant & Machiner ies Require
Chapter-60.
Gel Type Toothpaste Manufacturing with Formulae
Introduction
Requirement of Good Quality Gel Type
Transparent Tooth Paste
Properties of Good Quality Gel Type Tooth Paste
Uses and Applications
Tooth Paste (Transparent Gel type)
Formulation
Manufacturing Process
Plant & Machineries Require
Chapter-61.
Naphthalene Balls Manufacturing with Formulae
Introduction
Properties of Naphthalene
Uses and Application
Position of Raw Materials
Camphor (C10h16o)
Naphthalene (C10h8)
Phenol (C6h5oh)
Ceresin
B.I.S. Specification
Formulae For Camphor Tablet Manufacturing
Chapter-62.
Household And Black Fluid Phenyl Unit Formulae
Introduction
Formula For Xylenol Fractions No. I
Cresol
Germicidal Activity Of Alkyl Phenols
Phenols Halogenated
Alkyl Phenols Halogenated
The Result Of Phenol Coefficient
3 Methyl 5 Ethyl Phenols
Chloroxylenol
Phenols Polyhydric
Acridine Compounds
Effect Of 8-hydroxy Quinoline
Essential Coal Tar Disinfectants
Cheap Quality Phenyl
Formula For Coal Tar Black Fluid Type
Formulae For Best Quality Phenyl
Procedure Of Phenyl
Disinfectol
Formula For Black Fluid Coal Tar Cresol Water
Soluble
Formulae For Water Soluble Disinfectant
Cresol Solution Saponated
Formula For Vegetable Oil Based Disinfectant
Household Disinfectants
Formula For Household Disinfectant
Low Cost Household Disinfectant
Properties Of Rug Shampoos
Naphthalene
Formula For Air Deodoriser Based Disinfectant
Naphthalene In Toilet
Chapter-63.
Toilet Cleaner (Harpic Type Liquid Toilet Cleaner) Manufacturing With Formulae
Introduction
Uses And Applications
Viscosity Agents
Phthalocyanine Blue
Market Survey
B.I.S. Specification
Formula For Harpic Type Liquid
Toilet Cleaner
Manufacturing Process
Formula For Harpic Type Liquid
Toilet Cleaner (Medium Quality)
Formula For Liquid Toilet Cleaner
(Low Quality)
Chapter -64.
Herbal Shampoo Manufacturing With Formulae
Introduction
Properties Of Good Quality Herbal Shampoo
Uses And Applications
Raw Materials Require
Packaging Materials
Herbal Shampoo
Formulation
Manufacturing Process
Plant And Machiner Ies Require
Chapter-65.
Floor Cleaner (Liquid Antistatic Type)
Manufacturing With Formulae
Introduction
Formulations Of Floor & Bath
Room Cleaners
Floor & Bathroom Cleaner Formulation
Process Of Manufacturing Of Floor Cleaner
Plant Economics Of Floor Cleaner (Liquid Antistatic
Type)
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter- 66.
Plant Economics Of Wax
Floor Polish With Manufacturing Process And Formulae
Manufacturing Process
Plant Economics Of Wax Floor Polish
Plant And Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter- 67.
Plant Economics Of White Wood Polish With Formulation
Formulation
Varnish
Plant Economics of Wood Polish
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter-68.
Plant Economics Of Glass Cleaner Unit Formulation
Introduction
Manufacturing Process
Wind Screen Cleaner (Formulation 1)
U.S. Patent - 1,764,392
Process
Wind Screen Cleaner (Formulation 2)
Plant Economics Of Glass Cleaner (Colin Type)
Plant &. Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter- 69.
Plant Economics Of Cleaning Powder With Manufacturing Process And Formulations
Manufacturing Process
Surfactants
What is a Surfactant?
Commodity Surfactants
Specialty Surfactants
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1:
Categories
of Surfactants
Table 1.2:
Modern
Specialty Surfactants
Table 2.1:
Function
of Zeolite Builder Systems
Table 2.2:
Organic
Detergent Polymers
Table 5.1
Performance
Profile of Enzymes for Laundry Detergents and Cleaners
Table 5.2
Gene
Technology and Detergent Enzymes
Table 6.1:
Antimicrobial
Ingredients in Cleaning and Care Products
Table 6.2:
Activity
Range of Preservatives
Table 7.1
Odor
Thresholds of Typical Ingredients of Fragrances
Table 7.2:
Example
for the Composition of a Fragrance for a Laundry Detergent Powder
Table 8.1:
Typical
Composition of a Fragrance for a Household Cleaner (citrus cologne, used in
concentration of 0.5-1%)
Table 8.2:
Typical
Composition of a Fragrance for an Acid Toilet Gel Cleaner
Table 9.1:
Hypothetical
Formulation of a Fragrance Blend for Detergent Use
Table 9.2:
GLC
Retention Times and Response Factors
Table 10.1:
Composition
of heavy-duty detergent tablets on the European market 61
Table 10.2:
provides
the compositions of various types of specialty detergents 65
Table 10.3:
Frame
formulations of European liquid detergents for woollens
Table 10.4:
Frame
formulations ofsoiland stain removers in Europe and the USA
Table 10.5:
Frame
formulation of water softeners in Europe
Table 10.6:
Frame
formulations of all-fabric bleaches in the USA
Table 10.7:
Frame formulations
of laundry boosters
Table 10.8:
Sorption
of distearyldimethylammonium chloride
Table 10.9:
Formulations
of fabric softeners in Europe, the USA, and Japan
Table 10.10:
Formulation
of liquid stiffeners in Europe
Table 11.1:
Formulations
of various types of detergents for institutional use
Table 11.2:
Formulation
of a perborate-containing detergent for institutional use
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1.1:
Linear
alkylbenzene sulfonates.
Fig. 1.2
The
chemical structure of anionic surfactants
(LAS,
see Fig. 1.2).
Fig. 1.3
The
chemical structure of nonioriic and betaine surfactants (APG, see Fig. 1.4)
Fig. 1.4:
Alkyl
polyglucosides
Fig. 1.5
Fabric
conditioner actives: Esterquats
Fig. 2.1:
The
chemical structure of important complexing agents and dispersants
Fig. 2.2:
The
chemical structure of the bleach activators TAED and NOBS
Fig. 3.1
Mechanism
of TAED-activated bleaches
Fig. 3.2
The
structure of the bleach catalyst Saltren-Mn(III)
Fig. 3.3
New
preformed peracids and bleach activators.
Fig. 6.1:
The
chemical structure of preservatives and antimicrobial agents
Fig. 7.1:
Fluorescent
whitening agents: Disodium 4, 4V-bis [(4-anilino-6-morpholino-1, 3, 5-
triazin-2-yl) amino] stilbene -2-2V-disulfonate and disodium 4, 4V-bis
(2-suIfostyryI) biphenyl
Fig. 7.2
The chemica
