HEPTALDEHYDE & UNDECYLENIC ACID
(C7 & C11) & ITS DERIVATIVES
[CODE NO.4067]
Castor oil is non- edible oil obtained from castor seeds. Castor plant, Ricinus communis belonging to family, Europhobiaceae. India and China account for 50% of global castor oil production. The area under cultivation of Castor in India is about 5,00,000 acres and Andhra Pradesh accounts for 73% of this area. Castor oil is extracted for the seeds of castor either by local conventional methods or industrially in large quantities. Thus castor oil is available in plenty in our country. Many castor oil derivatives with lot of potential industrial use are not being manufactured in our country and they are being imported. These derivatives are used for surface coating materials, textile auxiliaries, perfumery chemicals, polymeric compounds and surfactants. Thus there is plenty of scope for developing indigenous methods for the production of such derivatives in large scale due to the availability of castor seeds in the country. This will not help easy availability of these derivatives in the local market it can also reduce the import burden on the exchequer.
The derivatives can also tap export potential to earn foreign exchange for the country. There are two important derivatives of castor oil, namely, Heptaldehyde and Undecylenic acid, which are produced by standard techniques. Heptaldehyde, which is by product of pyrolysis of castor oil, is used in perfumery industry since it has a natural fruity flavour. Heptaldehyde is a colourless liquid, oily, fruity odour, penetrating, hygroscopic, soluble in water, ether and combustible. This is oxidized to yield a hepatonic acid and by reducing it produces heptyl alcohol, which combines to form heptyl heptanes, a perfume which combines well with Coumarins. Hapatonic acid esters have variety of fruity flavours. Aldol condensation of heptaldehyde with bezakdehide yields amyl cinnamic aldehyde which is an important perfume.
Undecylenic acid as well as its zinc salt, are used as bactericidal, fungicidal and also used for diseases like athlete foot. Derivatives of this acid have extensive perfumery outlets. This alcohol has an intense penetrating odour and the saturated 11 carbon aldehyde is used in the modification of floral odours. Treatment of this acid with strong sulphuric acid gives gamma-Undecalcetone which is also called peach aldehyde.
A volume outlet for Undecylenic acid lies in the preparation of nylon 11, 11. Hydrobromination of the acid in presence of peroxide catalysts yields the terminal bromide which on heating melts and then condenses in head to tail fashion to yield a 11,11- polyamide called Rilsan having melting point of about 188 0C. It is a colourless to pale yellow liquid with a waxy and creamy constitution having molecular weight of 184.28 grams.
Undecylenic acid is the parent substance for the synthesis of several higher alcohals and aldehydes especially those containg nine and eleven carbon items. Noncyclic aldehyde can be obtained from Undecylenic acid or from heptaldehyde. Reduction of Undecylenic acid with sodium and alcohal converts its into Undecylenic alcohol which is chracterised by a flowery odour with a persisting fatty note. Reduction by free hydrogen in the presence of colloidal palladum as catalyst saturates the double bond producing Undecylenic acid which can be converted into Undecylic alcohal a valuable modifier and a tip note compound. This alcohol can be oxdised to give the corresponding aldehyde an equally important product for the perfumery industry.
Undecylenic acid is a synthetic unsaturated fatty acid. It is prepared from the natural product, ricinoleic acid, present in castor oil. Undecylenic acid is produced by cracking castor oil at high temperature and pressure.[not verified in body] It is the common name of 10 - undecenoic acid, abbreviated (CH2 = CH (CH2) 8COOH), and has two functional groups, a terminal alkene at one end, and a carboxylic acid at the other. It has use in synthetic chemistry and is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, personal hygiene products, cosmetics, and perfumes. It also used as a topical antifungal agent.
PROPERTIES
The acid and its esters do not have any odour particularly, but the acid can be converted into lactose, which is often called in commerce as aldehyde C - 14. This lactose has a powerful and persistant odour of peaches esters of Undecylenic acid such as ethyl esters are useful to a limited extent as a flavouring agent. The more important esters of Undecylenic acid to the alyl esters. Which has a powerful odour of quinches used as a modifier -
Name - Undecylenic acid or Undecenoic acid
Formulae: CH2CH (CH2) 8COOH
It is a light coloured liquid.
It has a fruity - rosy odour,
It is almost unsoluble in water.
It is miscible with alcohal chloroform, ether, benezene and with fixed & volatile oils.
Its congealing point is 21oC.
Its specific gravity is 0.91 to 0.913 (at 25/25oC)
Its refracture index (25oC) is 1.4475 - 1.4485
Its flash point is 295oF or 146oC
It is combustable.
It has low toxity
GRADES Technical grade
Commercial grade
COST ESTIMATION
Plant Capacity 21.6346 MT/Day
Land & Building (4000 sq.mt.) Rs. 3.35 Cr
Plant & Machinery Rs. 1.21 Cr
Working Capital for 1 Month Rs. 7.72 Cr
Total Capital Investment Rs. 12.52 Cr
Rate of Return 56%
Break Even Point 32%
INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES OF HEPTANOL
USES & APPLICATION
GENERAL COMMERCIAL USES
MEDICINAL USES
FDA APPROVAL
MEDICINAL USES
RESEARCH USES
RELATED CHEMICAL REACTIONS
SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS OF UNDECYLENIC ACID:
BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOKINETICS FOR UNDECYLENIC ACID
MECHANISM OF ACTION
UNDECYLENIC ACID FOR SPECIFIC CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
UNDECYLENIC ACID MINOR DERIVATIVES
RAW METERIALS
CASTOR OIL
USES AND APPLICATION OF HEPTANOIC ACID
USES AND APPLICATION OF HAPTANOL (HEPTYL ALCOHOL)
PROPERTIES OF CASTOR OIL
THE AVERAGE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF CASTOR OIL AS FOLLOWS:
MARKET OVERVIEW OF CASTOR OIL AND DERIVATIVE
KEY DERIVATIVES OF CASTOR OIL
GLOBAL CASTOR OIL AND DERIVATIVES MARKET
GLOBAL CASTOR OIL AND DERIVATIVES DEMAND (IN KILOGRAM TONS)
HEPTALDEHYDE AND UNDECYLENIC ACID – THE BASIC DERIVATIVES
OF CASTOR OIL, USED TO MANUFACTURE VARIOUS PERFUMERY
COMPOUNDS, WHICH IN TURN ARE USED TO MANUFACTURE
PERFUMES AND SYNTHETIC FLAVORS.
SPECIFICATIONS FOR PROPOSED PERFUMERY CHEMICALS
GLOBAL FLAVOR AND FRAGRANCE INDUSTRY (F&F INDUSTRY)
GLOBAL FLAVORS AND FRAGRANCES MARKET 2014-2018 (US$ BILLIONS)
INDIAN FLAVOR AND FRAGRANCE INDUSTRY (F&F INDUSTRY)
IMPORT OF COSTOR OIL
EXPORT OF CASTOR OIL
GLOBAL HEPTALDEHYDE MARKET
GLOBAL MARKET POSITION OF UNDECYLENIC ACID
PRESENT MANUFACTURE OF HEPTALDEHYDE AND UNDECYLENIC ACID
PRESENT MANUFACTURES (GLOBAL)
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF UNDECYLENIC ACID (UDA) FROM
METHYL RICINOLEATE
RAW MATERIAL & OUTPUT
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF ZINC UNDECYLENATE
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF HEPTY ALCOHOL
MANUFACTURE PROCESS OF HEPTANOIC ACID
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
SEQUENCES IN HEPTALDEHYDE AND UNDECYLENIC MANUFACTURE
RECOVERY OF UNDECYLENIC ACID & HEPTALDEHYDS (FROM MIXTURE)
PROCESS IN DETAILS
IMPROVED METHOD FOR PRODUCTION OF HEPTALDEHYDE AND
UNDECYLENIC ACID
THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES ARE GIVEN. THE PARTS GIVEN ARE
BY WEIGHT.
RECOVERY OF UNDECYLENIC ACID FROM SPONGY MASS
SAPONIFICATION NUMBER
ACIDULATION OF THE SODIUM SALT OF UNDECYLENIC ACID
MANUFACTURING DIAGRAM FOR HEPTALDEHYDE AND UNDECYLENIC
ACID FROM CASTOR OIL
COMPARSION OF YIELD FOR PRODUCTION OF HEPTALDEHYDE AND UNDECYLENIC ACID FROM CASTOR OIL AND FROM METHYL ESTER
OF CASTOR OIL
MATERIALS AND METHODS
THE PROCEDURE WAS DIVIDED INTO FOUR STEPS.
CATALYSED METHANOLYSIS
ALKALI CATALYSED METHANOLYSIS
PROCESS DESCRIPTION OF CASTOR OIL DERIVATIVE
PROCESS DESCRIPTION FOR HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL [HCO]
PROCESS DESCRIPTION FOR DEHYDRATED CASTOR OIL [DCO]
PROCESS DESCRIPTION FOR 12 - HYDROXY STEARIC ACID [12-HSA]
PROCESS DESCRIPTION FOR CASTOR OIL POLYOLS PLANT
METHOD OF ANALYSIS FOR HEPTALDEHYDE AND UNDECYLENIC ACID
ANALYSIS OF THE PRODUCTS
ANALYSIS OF GLYCEROL
ESTIMATION OF GLYCEROL
THIS IS AS PER THE METHOD OF COCKS AND VAN REDE, 1966.
ANALYSIS OF HEPTALDEHYDE
REDUCTION OF FEHLING’S SOLUTION
SCHIFF’S REAGENT TEST
ANALYSIS OF UNDECYLENIC ACID
ESTER TEST
CARBOXYLIC GROUP TEST
OTHER COMMERCIAL METHODS
COPRODUCTION OF METHYL 7-OXOHEPTANOATE AND UNDECYLENIC
ACID FROM RICINOLEIC ACID
ACCORDING TO THE METHOD, SAID PROCESS COMPRISES THE
FOLLOWING SUCCESSIVE STAGES:
EXAMPLE 1
STAGE A) OF THE PROCESS, FERMENTATION OF RICINOLEIC ACID
EXAMPLE 2
STAGE B) OF THE PROCESS, ESTERIFICATION OF 7-HYDROXY-9-OCTA
-DECENEDIOIC DIACID
EXAMPLE 3
STAGE C) OF THE PROCESS, THERMAL CRACKING OF THE DIESTER
EXAMPLE 4
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
SOURCES OF TECHNOLOGY SUPPLIERS
COMPLETE PLANT AND MACHINERY SUPPLIERS
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SUPPLIERS OF METHYL RICINOLEATE
SUPPLIERS OF CAUSTIC SODA
SUPPLIERS OF SULPHURIC ACID
SUPPLIERS OF CASTOR OIL
SUPPLIERS OF CHEMICAL PROCESSING PLANTS & MACHINERY
SUPPLIERS OF CRACKING UNITS
SUPPLIERS OF DISTILLATION UNIT
SUPPLIERS OF CHEMICAL REACTORS
SUPPLIERS OF STAINLESS STEEL TANKS
SUPPLIERS OF HEATING SYSTEM
SUPPLIERS OF CONDENSERS
SUPPLIERS OF SEPARATORS
SUPPLIERS OF TRAY DRYER
SUPPLIERS OF VACUUM PUMPS
APPENDIX – A:
01. PLANT ECONOMICS
02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
