Hand book of food dehydration and drying

HAND BOOK OF FOOD DEHYDRATION AND DRYING

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES DRYING/DEHYDRATION AND CONCENTRATION

Advantages of dehydration over sun drying
Drying/Dehydration Techniques
Common driers types used for liquid and solid foods
(A) Fruit and Vegetable Natural Drying Sun and Solar Drying
Shade Drying
Osmotic Dehydration
(B) Common Driers used for Drying/Dehydration
(a) Air Convection Driers
(b) Drum or Roller Driers
(c) Vacuum Driers
Differences between Conventional and Freeze Drying
Atmospheric Drying of Foams
Flow sheet for Drying/Dehydration of Fruits and Vegetables
Dilutions of sodium metabisulphite with water to obtain ppm of sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Spoilage of Dried products
Schedule for drying of fruits
Schedule for drying of vegetables
Reconstitution test for dried/dehydrated products
Reconstitution test
Food concentration
Methods of Concentration
(i) Solar Concentration
(ii) Open Kettles
(iii) Flash Evaporators
(iv) Thin Film Evaporators
(v) Vacuum Evaporators
(vi) Freeze Concentration
(vii) Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis/Hyperfiltration
Changes during Concentration
Intermediate Moisture Foods (imf)

TYPES OF DEHYDRATERS

Type of Dryers
Table-1 Performance Data of Commercial Spray Drying Equipment of Representative Material
Table 2 Assumed Thermal Efficiencies of Different Heating Systems

SUN DRYING AND DEHYDRATION OF FRUITS

Table 4 Methods Used in Drying Fruits
Apple
Table 5 Varieties of The More Common Fruits Suitable for Drying
Table 6 Tray Loading Maximum Drying Temperature and Yields of Different Fruits
Other Dehydrated Apple Products
Table -7 Approximate Composition of Some Apple Products
Apricots
Sun-Drying
Table 8 Sizes of Dried Apricots,
Sun Drying
Table 8 Sizes of Dried Apricots, Except Slabs
Dehydration of Apricots
Bananas
Table 9 Analyses of Dried Bananas
Cherries
Cranberries
Figs
Sun-Drying
Dehydration of Figs
Raisin Grapes
Sun Drying
Dehydration of Raisin Grapes
Handling of Raisins
Dehydrated Grape Juice
Loganberries
Nectarines
Orange Juice
Peaches
Sun Drying
Dehydration of Peaches
Table 10 U.S. Grade Sizes for Dehydrated peaches
Pears
Sun-Drying
Table 11 U.S. Sizes (Width) for Dried or Evaporated Pears
Dehydration of Pears
Prunes
Sun Drying
Dehydration of Prunes
Dehydration of other fruits

DEHYDRATION OF VEGETABLES

Table 12 Optimum Storage Conditions for Some Common Vegetables
Table 13 Per Cent Retention of Nutrients During Blanching
Dehydration of Various Vegetables
Asparagus
Beans, Baked
Beans, Green
Beans, Lima
Beets
Broccoli
Brussels Sprouts
Cabbage
Carrots
Cauliflower
Celery
Corn, Sweet
Garlic
Greens
Mushrooms
Onions
Peas
Peppers And Pimientos
Potatoes (Irish or White)
Potato Granules
Potato Flakes
White Potato Flour
Sauerkraut
Sweet Potatoes
Tomatoes

DEHYDRATION OF EGGS, MILK, BUTTER AND CHEESE

Eggs
Table 14 Conversion Factors of Dried Egg Products From Whole Egg
Dry Milk
Changes Taking Place in the Drying of Milk
Table 16 Composition of Dry Milks and Whey
Dried Cream
Dry Buttermilk
Dry Whey
Malted Milk
Anhydrous Milk Fat (Butter Oil)
Dried Cheese

DEHYDRATION OF MEAT, FISH, BEEF BLOOD AND GELATIN

Preparation of Meat
Dried Beef (Beef Hams)
Dehydrated Chicken
Drying, Salting and Smoking of Fish
Sun Dried Shrimp
Table 17 Approximate Chemical Composition of Cured Fish
Dehydration of Beef Serum and Hemoglobin
Edible Gelatin

DEHYDRATION OF MISCELLANEOUS FOODS

Food yeast
Soluble Coffee
Dried Shortenings
Dried Ice Cream Mixes
Dried Soups
Soft Drink Powders
Pudding Powders
Potato Chips
Table 18 Types of White Potatoes Desired for Different uses
Dry Molasses
Soyabean Milk
Drying of Macaroni Products
Pectin
Horseadish

PLANT SANITATION

Sanitation within The Plant
Bacteriological aspects of Dehydrated Foods
Table 19 Variations in "Total" Counts of Commercial Samples of Dehydrated Vegetables Certified as Acceptable
Table 20, Microorganisms in American Dried Fruits as Purchased
Table 21 Bacterial Count of Dried Egg Product
Waste Disposal
Table 22 Bacterial Count of Dried beef Serumstored in Sealed Cans

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF DRIED AND DEHYDRATED FOODS

Fruits
Vegetables
Table 23, Approximate Composition of Some Dehydrated Fruits
Table 24 Approximate Composition of Some Dehydrated Vegetables
Dry Milk
Table 25, Vitamins in Dry Milk and Milk Products
Dehydrated Meat
Table 26 composition of Dehydrated Pork and beef
Dried Eggs
Dry Yeast
Dried Blood and beef Serum
Table 27 Protein and Vitamin content of Different Dried yeasts

PACKAGING AND STORAGE

Insect Infestation
Packaging of Dried Fruit
Packing of Dehydrated Vegetables
Packing of Dried Eggs
Packing of Dried Milk
Packing of yeast
Packing of Dehydrated Meat
Storage of Dried And Dried And Dehydrated Fruits
Storage of Dehydrated Vegetables
Storage of Dried Eggs
Storage of Dry Milk
Storage of Dehydrated Beef serum And Hemoglobin
Table 28 Effect of Storage Temperatures on the Solubility of Dry Beef Senum
Storage of Active Dry Yeast
Compression of Dehydrated Foods
Table 29 Summary of Conditions found Applicable in compressing Specific Foods

BANANA POWER

Dehydration of BananaProcess of Manufacture
Plant Economics of Banana Powder
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum

DEHYDRATION OF FIGS BY SUN DRYING METHOD

Drying Process of Figs (Sun Drying )
Plant Economics of Dehydration of Figs (Sun Drying)
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum

DESICCATED COCONUT POWDER FROM COCONUTS

Process of Manufacture
Plant Economics of Desiccated Coconut Powder from Coconut
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum

DEHYDRATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES BY FREEZE DRYING METHOD

Freeze Drying
Plant Economics of Dehydration of Fruits & Vegetables by (Freeze Drying Method)
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum

DEHYDRATION OF JACK FRUIT

Manufacturing Process for the Dehydration of Jack Fruit
Plant Economics of Dehydration of Jack Fruit
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum

EGG POWDER

FRUIT JUICE POWDER

Manufacturing Process of Fruit Juice Powder from Fruit Juice Concentrate
Spray Driers
Atomising Device
The Drying Chamber
Method of Operation
Plant Economics of Fruit Juice Powder
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum

FOOD DEHYDRATION

Manufacturing Process
Process for Dehydration of Fruits and Vegetables
Dehydration of Fruits
Dehydration of Vegetables
Packing and Storage
Plant Economics of Food Dehydration
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum

GINGER DRYING

GRAPE POWDER

MUSTARD POWDER

MANGO KERNEL SEED POWDER (STARCH)

Manufacturing Process of Mango Kernel Seed Powder (Starch)
Plant Economics of Mango Kernel Seed Powder
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum

MILK POWDER

POTATO POWDER

POTATO POWDER (AUTOMATIC PLANT)

SKIMMED MILK POWDER

TOMATO POWDER

TAMARIND SEED POWDER

TURMERIC POWDER (EDIBLE GRADE)

Plant Economics of Turmeric Powder (Edible Grade)
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum

GARLIC POWDER

DEHYDRATED ONIONS & ONION POWDER

Process of Manufacture
Dehydration Method
Plant Economics of Dehydrated Onions & Onion Powder
Details of Plant & Machinery
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum

HERBAL EXTRACTS (DRY)

PLANT & MACHINERY SUPPLIERS

SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIAL

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