CONVERTING CRUDE GLYCERINE TO REFINED GLYCERINE
[CODE NO.3606]
Glycerol, also known as glycerine or propane-1,2,3-triol, is a chemical which has a multitude of uses in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. It can be produced as a by-product from saponification and hydrolysis reactions in oleochemical plants as well as transesterification reaction in biodiesel plants. Glycerol produced from oleo chemical or biodiesel plant is in crude form that contains various impurities such as oily, alkali, and soap components, a salt or diols, depending on the processes and the type of materials processed. It is normally referred to as crude glycerol. Crude glycerol obtained from the biodiesel plant consists of glycerol, water, organic and inorganic salts, soap, alcohol, traces of glycerides and vegetable colour. While crude glycerol produced from the hydrolysis reaction contains glycerol, water, free fatty acid, unreacted triglycerides, organic and inorganic salts and matter organic non-glycerol. For the reaction of saponification of fats or oil, crude glycerol has been reported to contain glycerol, fatty acids and salts. Further crude glycerol is a low value product as its low purity limits its application as feedstock in industries. The development of conversion processes for crude glycerol to other value-added products is being thoroughly investigated; however, the techniques are not widely commercially adopted in Malaysia at present. Purified glycerol can be sold as a commodity because it is still highly required as an important industrial feedstock especially in various chemical industries. Consequently, a development of purification methods is necessary to produce highly purified glycerol as feasible industrial feedstock.
Presently, numerous purification techniques of crude glycerol have been developed such as conventional filtration, microfiltration, and ultrafiltration using organic polymer membranes, simple distillation, vacuum distillation, chemical and physical treatments, ion-exchange technique and adsorption. By combining two or more of these techniques would lead to higher purify glycerol. This paper reviews the methods employed to produce glycerol as well as the purification technologies.
COST ESTIMATION
Plant Capacity : 10.00 MT/day
land & Building (4000 Sq.Mtr) : Rs. 2.24 Cr
Plant & Machinery : Rs. 1.10 Cr
Working Capital for 2 Months : Rs. 2.43 Cr
Total Capital Investment : Rs. 5.97 Cr
Rate of Return : 36%
Break Even Point : 45%
INTRODUCTION
SYNTHETIC GLYCEROL
PROPERTIES OF GLYCERINE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES -
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
3.SPECIFIC GRAVITY AT 25/25OC OF VARIOUS CONCENTRATION OF GLYCEROL.
SOURCE OF GLYCEROL
TRANSESTERIFICATION REACTION
ACID CATALYSED TRANSESTERIFICATION
BASE CATALYSED TRANSESTERIFICATION
TABLE: ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF CATALYST
USED IN TRANSESTERIFICATION REACTION. (MODIFIED FROM REF.).
ENZYMATIC CATALYSED TRANSESTERIFICATION
SAPONIFICATION
HYDROLYSIS
USES AND APPLICATIONS
FOOD INDUSTRY
PHARMACEUTICAL AND PERSONAL CARE APPLICATIONS
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE LIQUID
ANTIFREEZE
INTERNAL COMBUSTION FUEL
CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATE
APPLICATION OF GLYCERINE (% AGE)
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
TEST AND ANALYSIS OF GLYCERINE
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD METHODS. ANALYSIS OF CRUDE GLYCERINE
SAMPLING
ANALYSIS
WEIGH THE ASH.
ACETIN PROCESS FOR GLYCEROL DETERMINATION
REAGENTS REQUIRED
THE METHOD
BICHROMATE PROCESS
FOR GLYCEROL DETERMINATION
REAGENTS REQUIRED
THE METHOD
NOTES;
INSTRUCTIONS FOR CALCULATING ACTUAL GLYCEROL CONTENT
IMPURITIES IN CRUDE GLYCERINE
OVERVIEW OF GLYCERINE MARKET
INCREASING PRODUCTION AND DEMAND FOR BIODIESEL
PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATION WILL CONTINUE TO DOMINATE THE MARKET
ASIA-PACIFIC REGION TO LEAD THE MARKET
GLYCERINE MARKET
CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES FOR PURIFYING GLYCERIN
A NEW APPROACH
PROCESS STEPS
MARKET POSITION
PRODUCTION OF GLYCERINE
IMPORT OF GLYCERINE IN INDIA
IMPORT DATA OF REFINED GLYCERINE
EXPORT DATA OF REFINED GLYCERINE
MARKET OVERVIEW (GLOBAL)
MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF REFINED GLYCERINE
MANUFACTURER/SUPPLIERS OF SPENT LYE
AND CRUDE GLYCERINE
AN INNOVATION IN GLYCERIN PURIFICATION
CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES FOR PURIFYING GLYCERIN
A NEW APPROACH PROCESS STEPS
PURIFICATION OF CRUDE GLYCEROL
SOURCE OF CRUDE GLYCERINE
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
OF CRUDE GLYCERINE REFINING
DEAERATION
DISTILLATION
CONDENSATION
BLEACHING
SALT REMOVAL
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
GLYCERINE REFINING PROCESS
PROCESS IN DETAILS
INTRODUCTION TO MANUFACTURING PROCESS:
CRUDE GLYCERINE FROM VARIOUS
PRODUCTION PROCESSES
FIG. HYDROLYSIS REACTION.
MANUFACTURE OF GLYCERINE FROM SPENT SOAP LYES
PROCESS OUTLINE OF GLYCERINE MANUFACTURE
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF GLYCERINE FROM SPENT LYE
RAW MATERIALS
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
DETAILS OF GLYCEROL (GLYCERINE) MANUFACTURE FROM SPENT LYE
SPENT LYE TREATMENT:-
CONCENTRATION OF GLYCEROL LIQUORS
THE EVAPORATOR AND OPERATION:-
REFINING:
BLEACHING OF GLYCERINE:-
BIO DIESEL AND GLYCERINE PRODUCTION
USING PALM OIL AS FEED STOCK
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR GLYCERINE USING CRUDE PALM OIL
RECOVERY METHOD OF GLYCERINE
OTHER METHODS OF RECOVERY:
QUALITY OF SPENT LYES:
THE TREATMENT AND EVAPORATION OF LYES:
DISTILLATION OF CRUDE GLYCERINE:
FOOTS:
PRODUCTION OF GLYCERINE FROM PALM KERNEL OIL
MATERIALS
METHOD
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TABLE: PROPERTIES OF PALM KERNEL OIL USED
TABLE: PARAMETERS OF HYDROLYSIS REACTION AND PRODUCTION
AT 268OC, PRESSURE
500PSI (34ATM), TIME 5 HOURS.
TABLE: DATA OF GLYCEROL RECOVERY AT TEMPERATURE 140OC,
PRESSURE 8.7PSI (0.6ATM), TIME 3 HOURS
TABLE: PROPERTIES OF CRUDE GLYCEROL PRODUCED.
CONCLUSIONS FROM THIS STUDY THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSION ARE MADE
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
ACTIVATED CARBON
LABORATORY CHEMICALS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY (GLOBAL)
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY (INDIAN)
TREATMENT TANK
FILTER PRESS
EVAPORATORS
HEAT EXCHANGER
CENTRIFUGE
STORAGE VESSEL
BOILER
INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
PACKAGING MACHINE
APPENDIX – A:
1. COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2. LAND & BUILDING
3. PLANT AND MACHINERY
4. FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5. RAW MATERIAL
6. SALARY AND WAGES
7. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9. COST OF PRODUCTION
10. PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11. BREAK EVEN POINT
12. RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13. INTEREST CHART
14. DEPRECIATION CHART
15. CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET
