The Complete Technology Book on Herbicides, Fungicides, Nematicides, Weedicides and other Agro Chemicals with Formulations
Herbicides are used to control weeds in crops. Up to % of all pesticides sold are herbicides and they are used in most crop production systems. Weed control is one of the most effective practices to increase yields. Herbicides can be selective, killing the weeds but not the crop, such as atrazine in corn or trifluralin in soybeans. Other herbicides, such as glyphosate or paraquat, are non-selective, killing all plants they contact except those genetically engi-neered to be resistant to that particular herbicide or those that have developed resistance due to selection by the herbicide. Many herbicides have relatively low toxicity to insects, fish, or animals because they target specific enzyme systems found only in plants . This is particularly true for newer herbicides.
Fungicides are used to control fungi which cause disease in crops. They are applied to seeds, to soil, or to the crop to prevent or slow disease when condi-tions are favorable for the fungus. Fungicides are used primarily on high-value food crops and in turf and ornamental plant maintenance. They generally kill the fungal spores before they can germinate and infect the plant. Fungicides such as benomyl, metalaxyl, and chlorothalonil are used for a wide variety of crops, turf, and ornamental plants.
Nematicides are targeted at nematodes which infect plant roots and stunt or kill the crop. They are always applied to the soil as that is where the target occurs. Nematicides are generally non-selective, killing most everything they contact in the soil.
AUTHOR
The Book covers the chapters on Herbicides: The Production of Phenoxy Herbicides, Synthesis, Solid and Solution Studies of Paraquat Dichloride Calixarene Complexes, Herbicides Applications: Problems and Considerations, Preparation of bromacil/diuron complex, Process for the preparation of glyphosate and glyphosate derivatives, Process for preparation of substituted phenylureas, Fungicides, Novel Fungicide Fenpyrazamine, Macrocyclic Compounds as Fungicides, Process for reducing the proportions of by products in the preparation of carbendazim, Nematicides, Chemical control of nematodes: efficiency and side-effects, Stabilization and use of propargyl bromide, Sodium Trithiocarbonate, Agricultural Impact of Nematodes, Process for preparing environmentally safe dicofol and its formulations, Process for synthesizing chloropicrin, Weedicides, Agrochemical oil compositions comprising alkylpolysiloxane adjuvants of high silicone character, Plant Economics of Emulsifier For Pesticides, Plant Economics of Aerosol Insecticide Spray Baygon, Hit, Mortein, Hexit Type, Plant Economics of Weedicide.
Contents
Herbicides: The Production of Phenoxy Herbicides
- Introduction
- Uses of ,-D
- Reactions
- The Manufacturing Process
- Production of ,-dichlorophenoxyacetate
- Conversion to active species
- Production of ,-dichlorophenoxy ethyl hexyl ester
- Formulation - making a user product
- Environmental Implications
Synthesis, Solid and Solution Studies of Paraquat Dichloride Calixarene Complexes
- Introduction
- Results and Discussion
- Synthesis and characterisation of paraquat calixarene molecular complexes
Herbicides Applications: Problems and Considerations
- Considerations
- Weed factors
- Weed identification
- Weed morphology and herbicide application
- Weed height and vegetative mass
- Crop factors
- Crop species /varieties
- Crop growth and herbicide tolerance
- Crop morphology
- Herbicide factors
- Herbicide status and type
- Time of application
- Herbicide formulations
- Labels and technical pamphlets
- Herbicide resistance and selection pressure
- Sprayers and calibration
Preparation of bromacil/diuron complex
- Description
- Examples
Process for the preparation of glyphosate and glyphosate derivatives
Process for preparation of substituted phenylureas
- Examples
- Formulation Using Trial Pine Oil and Tall Oil
- Treatments No
- % dilution.
- (sample containers with red caps)
- Application Detail
- Application at l/ha
- Summary Results Trial
- Method
Fungicides
- What are Fungicides?
- Why are Fungicides Needed?
- Role of Fungicides in Disease Management
- Application Methods
- Types of Fungicides and Definitions
Novel Fungicide Fenpyrazamine
- Introduction
- Discovery
- Discovery of a Lead Compound
- Discovery of Compound C
- Discovery of Fenpyrazamine
- Manufacturing Methods
- Biological Effects
- Antifungal Spectrum
- Physical Properties and Formulation
- Physical Properties
- Formulation
Macrocyclic Compounds as Fungicides
- Introduction
- Research of the cyclododecanone derivatives
Process for reducing the proportions of by products in the preparation of carbendazim
- Description
- Methods
- Method Wheat Mildew
- Method Barley mildew
- Fungicide
Nematicides
- Chemical Based
- Carbofuran
- Benomyl
- Carbosulfan
- Phorate
- Chlorpyrifos
- Triazophos
- Organic based
Chemical control of nematodes: efficiency and side-effects
- Introduction
- Chemical control of nematodes
- The demand
- Efficacy
- Side-effects
Stabilization and use of propargyl bromide
- Description
- Examples
Sodium Trithiocarbonate
- Preparation of Cyclic Trithiocarbonates
Agricultural Impact of Nematodes
- Agricultural Impact of Nematodes
- Specific Nematicides: An Introduction
- Fumigants
- D-D
- ,-Dichloropropene
- Ethylene Dibromide
- ,-Dibromo--Chloropropane
Process for preparing environmentally safe dicofol and its formulations
- Structural formula
- Molecular formula: CHClO
- Objectives
- Description
Process for synthesizing chloropicrin
- Metam Sodium, Dazomet, and Methyl
- Isothiocyanate (MITC)
- Methyl Isothiocyanate [Isothiocyanic Acid,
- Methyl Ester)]
- Procedure
- Notes
- Discussion
- Sodium Tetrathiocarbonate
- Carbamates
- Aldicarb
- Aldoxycarb
- Carbofuran
- Oxamyl
Weedicides
- Preparation and evaluation of atrazine
- immunoconjugate
- Introduction
- Materials and methods
- Chemicals
- Apparatus
- Synthesis of Hapten
- Preparation of the enzyme tracer
- Elisa (Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent
- Assay) development
- Results and discussion
- Hapten Synthesis
- Elisa
Agrochemical oil compositions comprising alkylpolysiloxane adjuvants of high silicone character
- Field of the Invention
- Object of the Invention
- Background of the Invention
- Description of the Invention
- Experimental Materials
- Methylated Vegetable Oils
- Fungicides
- Surface Tension
- HSCAS-I
- HSCAS-
- LMAS-I (Comparative)
- LMAS- (Comparative)
- LSCAS-I (Comparative)
- APES-I (Comparative)
- PES-I (Comparative)
- PES- (Comparative)
- Spread Assignment
Plant Economics of Emulsifier For Pesticides
Plant Economics of Aerosol Insecticide Spray Baygon, Hit, Mortein, Hexit Type
Plant Economics of Weedicide
List of Tables
Table - A selection of commercial herbicides containing phenoxy herbicides
Table . Antifungal activity of fenpyrazamine
Table . Physical and chemical properties of Fenpyrazamine
Table . Physical and chemical properties of PIXIORDF
Table . Acute toxicity summary of fenpyrazamine
Table . Subacute and chronic toxicity summary of fenpyrazamine
Table . Developmental and reproductive toxicity summary of fenpyrazamine
Table . Neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity summary of fenpyrazamine
Table . Mutagenicity summary of fenpyrazamine
Table . Ecotoxicological summary of fenpyrazamine on non-target organisms
Table . Domestic registration of fenpyrazamine (PIXIORDF)
Table . Fungicidal activity of compounds , and against R. Solani
Table . Fungicidal spectrum of a (a mixture of Z and E isomer)
Table : Examples of Recommended Nematicidal Dosages And Treatments For Some Important Crops
List of figures
Fig. Fresh solutions of a) × - M HbL, b) . × - M paraquat dichloride and c) × - M compound in chloroformacetonitrile, v/v: : Inset: the spectra of HbL
Fig. . Selective control of Ammi majus L. in onion with post-planting treatment of oxadiazon. Treated onion rows (left) and untreated rows (right).
Fig. . Selective control of broad-leaved weeds by , -D in wheat field.
Fig. .. Weed population shift to narrow-leaved weeds (Mainly bulbous barley, Hordeum bulbosum L.) resulted from continuous application of broad-leaf killers in olive orchard.
Fig. .. Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) grown in strips after escaped from control by , -D in wheat due to low boom height level.
Fig. .. Toxicity symptoms on Jute (Chorchorus olitorius L.) resulted from ,-D traces left in the sprayer tank used for insecticide application. Plants showed abnormal growth (malformed leaves, twisting and yellowing).
Fig . Chemical structure of fenpyrazamine
Fig. . Structure-activity relationship of aminopyrazolinone derivatives
Fig . Discovery of fenpyrazamine
Fig . Synthesis route of fenpyrazamine
Fig . Dispersibility of PIXIORDF in water several tens of seconds after treatment
Fig. . Chemical structure of several monosubstituted cyclododecane derivatives
Fig. . Z and E isomers of compounds and Synthesis and Structure of atrazine carboxylic derivative for conjugation to a linked enzyme.
Figure . Analytical curve of ELISA used to evaluate the binding of Hp-HRP conjugate. Microplates coated with fixed concentration of the antibodies mg mL– were exposed to differents concentrations of conjugated
