ALPHA CELLULOSE POWDER FROM COTTON WASTE
[EIRI/EDPR/1645] J.C.451
INTRODUCTION
Cellulose is a natural carbohydrate high polymer (polysaccharide) consisting of anhydro glucose units joined by an oxygen linkage to form long molecular chains.
That are essentially linear cellulose existing in three form.
1. Alpha, 2. Beta, 3. Gamma
Alpha cellulose has the highest degree of Polymerization (DP). It is insoluble in strong sodium hydroxide solution.
The beta and gamma form have much lower DP and are known as hemicelluloses.
Cellulose is the principal fiber cell-wall material of green terrestrial and merine plants, produced also by a few bacteria, animals and fungi, and thus the most abundant natural material (40% in wood, over 70% in best and leaf fibres, 95% in the ceou wall of the green alga valonia ventricosa; Ca 5 x 10" metrictions biosynthesized yearly). Cellulose is a long linear polymer of anhydroglucose units, and this is reflected in the thread like structures of cellulose found in the plant cell walls elementary fibrils approximately 3.5 m in width and indefinite length) which are further laterally associated to provide strength (as microfibrils, generally 10-30 mm in breadth).
Repeat Unit of Cellulose (B-cellobiose residue)
Although the biochemical pathway for the biosynt thesis of cellulose from glucose in plants is relatively well understood, the mechanisms of the formation of long chains, of association as microfibrils and of deposition in plant cell walls are still being researched.
Cellulose is partly ordered (crystalline) and partly disordered (amorphous), presumably the result of regions of regularity and non regularity within the elementary and microfibrils. Accessibility of cellose is the relative ease by which the hydroxyl gps can be accessed by reactants.
The amorphous regions are highly accessible and react readily, where as the crystalline regions with close packing and hydrogen bonding can be completely inaccessible.
Cellulose also exists in several polymorphs. Native cellulose or cellulose I is converted to cellulose II when cellulose fibres are regenerated or treated with 12-18% NaoH solution (mercerized), and to cellulose III and cellulose IV upon being subjected to certain chemical treatments or heat. X-ray and electron-diffractometric studies, conformational analyses and vibrational spectroscopy have been used to define the crystalline natured of these poluymorphs and several unit-cell structures based on intermolecular hydrogen bonding of cellulose chains have been proposed and refined over the years. Recent work with Raman Spectroscopy and solid-state C nmr spectroscopy suggests that adjacent anhyfroglucose units in cellulose are non-equivalent, leading to the hypothesis that cellulose is a polymer not of anhydroglucose but anhydrocellobiose but of anhydrocellobiose, Further, varying anundance of these anhydrocellobiose conformations (two ordere states, K1 and K11, and one disordered state, Kg) result in differing intramolecular order which, with the intermolecular bonding of cellulose china, makeup the various Polymorphs.
COST ESTIMATION
Plant Capacity 2 MT/Day
Land & Building (1500 sq.mt.) Rs. 2.57 Cr
Plant & Machinery Rs. 90.00 Lac
Working Capital for 2 Months Rs. 93.16 Lac
Total Capital Investment Rs. 4.52 Cr
Rate of Return 17%
Break Even Point 66%
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
ASSAY
SPECIFICATION
USES AND APPLICATION
MARKET SURVEY
PRESENT MANUFACTURERS OF ALPHA CELLULOSE POWDER
B I S SPECIFICATION
E 460(II) POWDERED CELLULOSE - EU SPECIFICATION
RAW MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF ALPHA CELLULOSE POWDER
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OFALPHA CELLULOSE POWDER
FROM COTTON WASTE
PREPARATION METHOD OF REGENERATED CELLULOSE FROM COTTON WASTE AND OTHER CELLULOSIC WASTE
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
PLANT LAYOUT
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
PLANT LOCATION FACTORS
EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
APPENDIX – A:
01. PLANT ECONOMICS
02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)