ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH
[CODE NO. 3207]
Bentonite is an absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate, essentially impure clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite. There are different types of bentonite, each named after the respective dominant element, such as potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and aluminium (Al). Experts debate a number of nomenclatorial problems with the classification of bentonite clays. Bentonite usually forms from weathering of volcanic ash, most often in the presence of water. However, the term bentonite, as well as a similar clay called tonstein, has been used to describe clay beds of uncertain origin. For industrial purposes, two main classes of bentonite exist: sodium and calcium bentonite. In stratigraphy and tephrochronology, completely devitrified (weathered volcanic glass) ash-fall beds are commonly referred to as K-bentonites when the dominant clay species is illite. Other common clay species, and sometimes dominant, are montmorillonite and kaolinite. Kaolinite-dominated clays are commonly referred to as tonsteins and are typically associated with coal.
Types
Sodium betonies
Sodium bentonite expands when wet, absorbing as much as several times its dry mass in water. Because of its excellent colloidal properties, it is often used in drilling mud for oil and gas wells and for geotechnical and environmental investigations.
The property of swelling also makes sodium bentonite useful as a sealant, since it provides a self-sealing, low permeability barrier. It is used to line the base of landfills to prevent migration of leachate, for quarantining metal pollutants of groundwater, and for the sealing of subsurface disposal systems for spent nuclear fuel. Similar uses include making slurry walls, waterproofing of below-grade walls, and forming other impermeable barriers, e.g., to seal off the annulus of a water well, to plug old wells. It is also used to form a barrier around newly planted trees to constrain root growth so as to prevent damage to nearby pipes, footpaths and other infrastructure.
Sodium bentonite can also be "sandwiched" between synthetic materials to create geo-synthetic clay liners (GCL) for the aforementioned purposes. This technique allows for more convenient transport and installation, and it greatly reduces the volume of sodium bentonite required.
Sodium bentonite is also used in a variety of pet care items such as cat litter to absorb the odour and surround the feces.
Various surface modifications to sodium bentonite improve some rheological or sealing performance in geoenviromental applications, for example, the addition of polymers.
COST ESTIMATION
Plant Capacity : 80.00 MT/day
land & Building (20,000 sq.mtrs) : Rs. 10.91 Cr
Plant & Machinery : Rs. 10.00 Cr
Working Capital for 2 Months : Rs. 6.17 Cr
Total Capital Investment : Rs. 27.50 Cr
Rate of Return : 33%
Break Even Point : 47%
INTRODUCTION
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATION
USES AND APPLICATIONS
BENTONITE SLURRY WALLS IN MODERN CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRIAL USE OF ACTIVATED BENTONITE CLAY
B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
FUNCTION OF ACID ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH
COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF BENTONITE CLAY
MARKET SURVEY
PRESENT MANUFACTURERS OF ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH
GLOBAL MANUFACTUERS OF ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH
REQUIREMENTS FOR BLEACHING EARTH OF INDIAN
ORIGIN USED FOR BLEACHING VEGETABLE OILS
METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TEST FOR BLEACHING EARTH
SCALE OF SAMPLING
TEST SAMPLES AND REFEREE SAMPLES
NUMBER OF TESTS
CRITERION FOR CONFORMITY
MOISTURE CONTENT
BULK DENSITY
SIEVE ANALYSIS
BLEACHING EFFICIENCY
REQUIREMENTS
PACKING AND MARKING
RAW MATERIAL AND ITS PROPERTIES
MONTHLY RAW MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
BLEACHING CLAYS
NATURE OF THE ACID ACTIVATION OF NON-SWELLING-SMECTITES
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH
PROCESS DETAILS
FLOW DIAGRAM FOR ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH
SEQUENCES OF ACTIVATION OF BLEACHING EARTH
ACTIVATED METHOD OF CLAY MINERAL
PROCESS FOR MAKING ACID ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH USING SUSCOPTIBILITY SOURCE CLAY
DESCRIPTION
XRD METHOD OF DETERMINING
ATTAPULGITE CONTENT
EXAMPLE
BLEACHING PERFORMANCE OF CLAY
OTHER RELATED INFORMATIONS
COMPLETE PLANT SUPPLIERS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
FILTER PRESS
CONVEYOR BELT
PULVERISER
STAINLESS STEEL TANKS
BALL MILL
JAW CRUSHER
ROTARY KILNS
DISINTEGRATORS
BOILER
LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
SUPPLIER OF RAW MATERIALS
SULPHURIC ACID
BENTONITE
HDPE WOVEN BAGS
APPENDIX – A:
1. COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2. LAND & BUILDING
3. PLANT AND MACHINERY
4. FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5. RAW MATERIAL
6. SALARY AND WAGES
7. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9. COST OF PRODUCTION
10. PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11. BREAK EVEN POINT
12. RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13. INTEREST CHART
14. DEPRECIATION CHART
15. CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET
