MANUFACTURING AND PACKAGING OF ESSENTIAL OILS AND OLEORESINS ON VARIOUS TYPES OF SPICES, MEDICINES, AROMATICS ITEMS [3623]
Essential oils extracted from a wide variety of plants and herbs have been traditionally employed in the manufacture of foodstuffs, cosmetics, cleaning products, fragrances, herbicides and insecticides. Further, several of these plants have been used in traditional medicine since ancient times as digestives, diuretics, expectorants, sedatives, etc., and are actually available in the market as infusions, tablets and/or extracts. Essential oils are also popular nowadays due to aromatherapy, a branch of alternative medicine that claims that essential oils and other aromatic compounds have curative effects. Moreover, in the last decades, scientific studies have related many biological properties (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, stimulators of central nervous system, etc.) of several plants and herbs, to some of the compounds present in the essential oil of the vegetal cells. For example, valerenic acid, a sesquiterpenoid compound, and its derivatives (acetoxyvalerenic acid, hydroxyvalerenic acid, valeranone, valerenal) of valerian extract are recognized as relaxant and sedative; lavender extract is used as antiseptic and anti-inflammatory for skin care; menthol is derived from mint and is used in inhalers, pills or ointments to treat nasal congestion; thymol, the major component of thyme essential oil is known for its antimicrobial activity; limonene and eucalyptol appear to be specifically involved in protecting the lung tissue. Therefore, essential oils have become a target for the recovery of natural bioactive substances. Essential oils are composed by lipophilic substances, containing the volatile aroma components of the vegetal matter, which are also involved in the defense mechanisms of the plants. The essential oil represent a small fraction of plant composition, and is comprised mainly by monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, and their oxygenated derivatives such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, phenols, ethers, esters, etc. The amount of a particular substance in the essential oil composition varies from really high proportions (e.g. around 80-90% w/w of d-limonene is present in orange essential oil) to traces. Nevertheless, components present in traces are also important, since all of them are responsible for the characteristic natural odor and flavor. Thus, it is important that the extraction procedure applied to recover essential oils from plant matrix can maintain the natural proportion of its original components. New effective technological approaches to extract and isolate these substances from raw materials are gaining much attention in the research and development field. Traditional approaches to recover essential oil from plant matrix include steam- and hydro-distillation and liquid-solvent extraction. One of the disadvantages of steam-distillation and hydro-distillation methods is related with the thermo ability of the essential oil constituents, which undergo chemical alteration due to the effect of the high temperatures applied (around the normal boiling temperature of water). Therefore, the quality of the essential oil extracted is extremely damaged. On the other side, the lipophilic character of essential oils requires solvents such as paraffinic fractions (pentane and hexane) to attain an adequate selectivity of the extraction. Further, liquid solvents should have low boiling points, in order to be easily separated from the extract and re-utilized. In this sense, the main drawback is the occurrence of organic toxic residues in the extracted product. Among innovative process technologies, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is indeed the most widely studied application. In practice, SFE is performed generally using carbon dioxide (CO2) for several practical reasons: CO2 has moderately low critical pressure (74 bar) and temperature (32oC), is non-toxic, non-flammable, available in high purity at relatively low cost, and is easily removed from the extract. Supercritical CO2 has a polarity similar to liquid pentane and thus, is suitable for extraction of lipophilic compounds. Thus, taking into account the lipophilic characteristic of plant essential oils, it is obvious that SFE using CO2 emerged as a suitable environmentally benign alternative to the manufacture of essential oil products. The commercial production of supercritical plant extracts has received increasing interest in recent decades and has brought a wide variety of products that are actually in the market. As mentioned before, supercritical plant extracts are being intensively investigated as potential sources of natural functional ingredients due to their favorable effects on diverse human diseases, with the consequent application in the production of novel functional foods, nutraceuticals and pharmacy products. The reader is referred to several recent works in which is reviewed the supercritical extraction and fractionation of different type of natural matter to produce bioactive substances. The general agreement is that supercritical extracts proved to be of superior quality, i.e. better functional activity, in comparison with extracts produced by hydro-distillation or using liquid solvents using supercritical CO2 (50ºC and 45 MPa) and ethanol Soxhlet extraction. Extraction yields were, respectively, 3.8 and 9.1%. Nevertheless, the supercritical extract comprised 21% of essential oil, while the alcoholic extract contained only 9% of the volatile oil substances. Furthermore, studies related with the antibacterial and antifungal properties of the extract revealed better activity for the supercritical product. Another example of improved biological activity exhibit by supercritical extracts was reported by Glisic et al. demonstrating that supercritical carrot essential oil was much more effective against Bacillus cereus than that obtained by hydro-distillation. Indeed, numerous variables have singular effect on the supercritical extraction and fractionation process. Extraction conditions, such as pressure and temperature, type and amount of cosolvent, extraction time, plant location and harvesting time, part of the plant employed, pre-treatment, greatly affect not only yield but also the composition of the extracted material. Knowledge of the solubility of essential oil compounds in supercritical CO2 is of course necessary, in order to establish favorable extraction conditions. In this respect, several studies have been reported. Nevertheless, when the initial solute concentration in the plant is low, as is the case of essential oils, mass transfer resistance can avoid that equilibrium conditions are attained. Therefore, pretreatment of the plant become crucial to break cells, enhancing solvent contact, and facilitating the extraction. In fact, moderate pressures (9-12 MPa) and temperatures (35-50oC) are sufficient to solubilize the essential oil compounds. Yet, in some cases, higher pressures are applied to contribute to the rupture of the vegetal cells and the liberation of the essential oil. However, other substances such as cuticular waxes are co-extracted and thus, on-line fractionation can be applied to attain the separation of the essential oil from waxes and also other co-extracted substances. In this review, on the basis of data reported in the literature and own experience, a detailed and thorough analysis of the supercritical extraction and fractionation of plants and herbs to produce essential oils is presented. Furthermore, the supercritical CO2 extraction of several plants (oregano, sage, thyme, rosemary, basil, marjoram and marigold) from Lamiaceae family was accomplished in our supercritical pilot-plant at 30 MPa and 40oC. High CO2 density was applied in order to ensure a complete extraction of the essential oil compounds.
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INTRODUCTION
ESSENTIAL OILS
THERE ARE A NUMBER OF SPICES USED ALONG WITH FOOD, NAMELY
OLEORESIN
MAJOR RAW MATERIALS USED IN EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL
ESSENTIAL OIL OF PLANT & HERBS
OLEORESIN
WHAT IS OLEORESIN
OLEORESIN CAPSICUM
PAPRIKA EXTRACT
CHILI OLEORESIN
USES AND APPLICATIONS OF ESSENTIAL OIL
ESSENTIAL OILS FOR HAIR
DIFFERENT OILS ARE USED FOR DIFFERENT PROBLEMS FACED
BY THE HAIR. SOME OF THEM ARE GIVEN BELOW
A. ESSENTIAL OILS FROM FLOWERS
B. ESSENTIAL OILS FROM HERBS SPIKENARD OIL (JATAMANSI OIL)
C. CINNAMON OIL
+CINNAMON OIL
ZEODOARY OIL
BEST ESSENTIAL OILS IN INDIA
ESSENTIAL OILS FROM SPICES
USES OF ORANGE PEEL OIL (CITRUS PEEL OIL)
PHARAMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF ESSENTIAL OILS
TERPENES
MONOTERPENES [C10H16]
B. SESQUITERPENES
SESQUITERPENE LACTONES
C. DITERPENES
ALCOHOLS
ACIDS
ESTERS
KETONES
EXAMPLE
ADVANTAGE OF SCF CO2 METHOD
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
PAPRIKA EXTRACTED OLEORESIN
USES AND APPLICATION OF PAPRIKA EXTRACT
COMPOSITION OF PAPRIKA EXTRACT
OTHER CONSTITUENTS
CAPSAICINOIDS
GLYCOSIDES
GLYCOLIPIDS
SOURCES OF NATURAL ESSENTIAL OILS
ESSENTIAL OIL MARKET OVERVIEW
INDIAN MARKET SHARE OF ESSENTIAL OIL
IMPORT OF ESSENTIAL OIL (2013-14)
EXPORT OF ESSENTIAL OIL (2013-14)
ESSENTIAL OIL MARKET OVERVIEW
DETAILED EXPORT DATA OF INDIA ESSENTIAL OILS
GLOBAL MARKET POSITION OF ESSENTIAL OIL
PRODUCT INSIGHTS
APPLICATION INSIGHTS
REGIONAL INSIGHTS
COMPETITIVE INSIGHTS
MARKET POSITION OF OLEORESIN IN INDIA
INDIA DOMINATES THE OLEORESIN MARKET
FIGURE SUPPLIERS OF OLEORESINS TO EUROPE 2012-2016 IN TONS
GLOBAL MARKET POSITION OF OLEORESIN
U.S. OLEORESIN MARKET VOLUME BY PRODUCT, 2014-2024 (TONS)
FIGURE TURNOVER OF GLOBAL MANUFACTURERS OF FLAVOURS
AND FRAGRANCES 2012-2016 IN € MILLION
FIGURE IMPORTS OF OLEORESINS BY EUROPE 2012-2016 IN 1,000 TONES
CARDAMOM OLEORESIN
NUTMEG OLEORESIN
PEPPER OLEORESIN
TURMERIC OLEORESIN
GINGER OLEORESIN
CHILI OLEORESIN WORLD MARKET
GLOBAL GROWING POPULARITY OF SPICES
FUTURE GLOBAL MARKET TREND
REQUIREMENT & COMPLIANCE OF OLEORESIN IN EUROPEAN MARKET
RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF EXTRACTION SOLVENTS
PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS
AN EXAMPLE OF A COMMON TYPE OF PACKAGING
PRESENT MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS/EXPORTERS OF ESSENTIAL OILS
SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION (SFE) OF ESSENTIAL OIL
EFFECT OF EXTRACTION CONDITIONS 98
DETAILS OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION
PUMPS
PRESSURE VESSELS
PRESSURE MAINTENANCE
PROCESS OUTLINE TO MANUFACTURE ESSENTIAL OIL AND OLEORESIN
PERCENTAGE EXTRACTED USING SUPER CRITICAL FLUID
EXTRACTION SYSTEM
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM FLOWERS, HERBS, SPICES BY SUPER CRITICAL FLUID (CARBON DIOXIDE) 108
A. EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM FLOWERS
FROM FLOWERS
B. FROM HERBS
1. CLEANING
2. WASHING
3. DRYING
4. DISINTEGRATION INTO SMALL CHIP
C. FROM SPICES
1. CLEANING
2. DRYING
3. CUTTING INTO PIECES
EXTRACTION OF ROSE ESSENTIAL OIL
ROSE ATTAR
EXTRACTION OF VOLATILE OILS BY SUPER CRITICAL FLUID METHOD
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF OLEORESIN
PROCESS FLOW SHEET DIAGRAM
EXTRACTION OF OLEORESIN AND ESSENTIAL OIL FROM SPICES
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF PAPRIKA OLEORESIN
PRIME EXTRACT
FURTHER PROCESSING
TECHNOLOGICAL BARRIERS
FOR NEW MARKET ENTRANTS IN OLEORESIN
ANALYSIS OF ESSENTIAL OILS
CHROMATOGRAPHIC DATA OF EUCALYPTUS OIL
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
DETAILS OF HYPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE GAS CO2 EXTRACTION
OF ESSENTIAL OILS
CO2 HYPERCRITICAL EXTRACTION
PLANT LAYOUT
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES
HAMMER MILLS
FILTER PRESS
ROTARY WASHER
FLUIDIZED BED DRYER
MIXER
SIEVING MACHINE
WEIGHING MACHINE
MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
D.G. SETS
BOILERS
COOLING TOWER
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
FLOWERS 153
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES (GLOBAL)
APPENDIX – A:
01. PLANT ECONOMICS
02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
