WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS (CORROSION INHIBITOR, SURFACTANT, COAGULANT, ANTI FOAM, FLOCCULANT (POLYMER), ANTI SCALANT ETC.)
Hardness in water is caused by dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium, such as the bicarbonates, sulphates and chlorides. The scale will insulate the heating surfaces from the cooling effect of the water and over-heating will occur. Over-heating can soften the metal so that, in the case of a furnace tube, it can collapse under the pressure of the steam with explosive force. This will endager any one in the vicinity and can cause extensive damage to plant and buildings. In a less dramatic way, scale build-up can cause extensive damage build-up can cause tube-end leakage, where smoke tubes are expanded into the end plates of the boiler, requiring expensive replacement and possible loss sof production.
Quite apart from the hazards arising from scaling, there is the energy conservation aspect. As scale builds up on heat transfer will steaidly drop, with a corresponding increase in fuel-gas temperature. The effect is similar to that build-up of root on the fine side of the boiler. Scale build-up could account for an increase in fuel consumption of 3 or 4% which is considerable on a boiler which may be using say, 1000 of fuel a week.
COST ESTIMATION
Plant Capacity 2000 Kg./Day
Land & Building (1000 sq.mt.) Rs. 1.65 Cr
Plant & Machinery Rs. 71.50 Lac
Working Capital for 2 Months Rs. 1.10 Cr
Total Capital Investment Rs. 3.63 Cr
Rate of Return 32%
Break Even Point 54%
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
1. HARDNESS SALTS:
NON-HARDNESS SALTS:
ORGANIC MATTER:
SILICA:
DISSOLVED GASES:
SUSPENDED MATTER:
PREVENTION OF SCALE
THE UNTREATED WATER CAN BE CLASSIFIED IN THREE MAIN GROUPS:
SOFT WATER
INTERMEDIATE WATER:
HARD WATER:
PROPERTIES
CRYSTALLINE:
RAW MATERIALS
THE REACTION INVOLVED IS
RAW MATERIAL FOR 1 TONS. OF VARIOUS PRODUCTS
COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION IN WATER BAND WASTE WATER
THE COAGULANTS
FIGURE 1. STAGES IN THE BRIDGING MECHANISM: DISPERSION; (II) ADSORPTION; (III) COMPRESSION OR SETTLING DOWN (SEE INSET); (IV) COLLISION2
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
FACTOR EFFECTING COAGULATION TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
SEQUENCE OF CHEMICAL ADDITION
RESIDUAL ALUMINUM
RAPID MIXING
FLOCCULATION
MARKET OVREVIEW OF WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS
END-USE INSIGHTS
REGIONAL INSIGHTS
PRODUCT INSIGHTS
APPLICATION INSIGHTS
KEY COMPANIES & MARKET SHARE INSIGHTS
KEY WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS COMPANIES:
RECENT DEVELOPMENT
FORMULATION OF WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS
FORMULATION OF CORROSION INHIBITOR (COOLING TOWER)
FORMULATION OF ANTISCALANT (DESALINATION PLANT)
CORROSION INHIBITOR FOR BOILER FEED WATER
FORMULATION OF ANTIFOAMS (THERMAL DESALINATION)
FLOCCULANT
COAGULANT
SURFACANT (COOLING TOWER)
WATER SOFTENING CHEMICAL (SEQUESTRANT FOR CALCIUM)
(NETHERLANDS PATENT - 92,202)
USES
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING (WATER SOFTENING CHEMICAL)
BOILER COMPOUND
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF BOILER COMPOUND
PROCESS FLOW SHEET FOR BOILER COMPOUND
FUNGICIDES FOR COOLING TOWERS
WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS FOR BOILER & COOLING TOWER
FIRE PROOF COMPOUND
ALGAECIDES FOR WATER
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF FIRE PROOF COMPOUND
PROCESS FLOW SHEET FOR FIRE PROOF COMPOUND
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF ALGICIDES
(LIQUID SOLUTION) USED IN COOLING TOWERS
PROCESS FLOW SHEET OF ALGICIDES LIQUID SOLUTION FOR COOLING TOWER
BACTERIOCIDE FOR COOLING TOWER
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF BACTERIOCIDE FOR COOLING TOWER
PROCESS FLOW SHEET FOR BACTERIOSTATIC
WOOD PRESERVATIVE (FUNGICIDE)
FRMULATION 1
FORMULATION 2
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF WOOD PRESERVATIVE (FUNGICIDES)
HERBICIDE CONCENRTRATES (EMULISIFIABLE)
FORMULATION 1
FORMULATION 2
FORMULATION 3
FORMULATION 4
FORMULATION 5
FORMULATION 6
PROCESS FLOW SHEET OF HERBICIDES (LIQUID)
FUNGUS CONTROL LIQUID
FORMULATION 1
FORMULATION 2
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE (FUNGUS CONTROL LIQUID)
PROCESS FLOW SHEET OF FUNGUS CONTROL LIQUID
TECHNICAL DETAILS OF CORROSION INHIBITOR
CHROMATE PROGRAMS
TABLE: A TYPICAL “STANDARD” FORMULATION FOR A CHROMATE PRODUCT
STABILIZED PHOSPHATE PROGRAMS
STABILIZED PHOSPHATE PROGRAMS
TABLE: A TYPICAL FORMULATION OF PHOSPHATE PROGRAM A
TABLE: A TYPICAL FORMULATION OF PHOSPHATE PROGRAM B
TABLE: THE REQUIREMENT OF PRODUCT A AND B FOR DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF CALCIUM HARDNESS
ALKALINE ZINC/ORGANIC PROGRAMS
SOME KEY FEATURES OF THESE PROGRAMS ARE DISCUSSED HERE:
ALKALINE PHOSPHATE PROGRAMS:
ALKALINE ZINC PROGRAMS:
ZINC/POLYMER/PHOSPHONATE PROGRAMS:
ZINC/PHOSPHATE/ORGANIC PROGRAMS:
TABLE: THE TYPICAL FORMULATION OF ALKALINE ZINC/ORGANIC PROGRAM
TABLE: THE TYPICAL FORMULATION OF ZN/ORGANIC PROGRAM
TABLE: THE TYPICAL PH RANGES OF THESE PROGRAMS
MOLYBDATE PROGRAMS
TABLE: TWO EXAMPLES OF TRADITIONAL MOLYBDATE FORMULATIONS
ALL ORGANIC PROGRAMS
TABLE: AN EXAMPLE OF THE ALL ORGANIC PROGRAM
SOFT AND LEAN WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS
TABLE: A TYPICAL FORMULATION FOR SOFT AND LEAN WATER
CLOSED-LOOP PROGRAMS
TABLE: A TYPICAL FORMULATION FOR CLOSED-LOOP PROGRAM
HOT-WATER INHIBITOR
INHIBITORS FOR ALKALINE SOLUTION
BOILER WATER INHIBITORS
EXTRUDE DISSOLVED O2 AND CO2
ADDING ALKALI
ADDING INHIBITORS
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
STORAGE LAYOUT:
EQUIPMENT LAYOUT:
SAFETY:
PLANT EXPANSION:
FLOOR SPACE:
UTILITIES SERVICING:
BUILDING:
MATERIAL-HANDLING EQUIPMENT:
RAILROADS AND ROADS:
MAJOR PROVISIONS IN ROAD PLANNING FOR MULTIPURPOSE SERVICE ARE:
PLANT LOCATION FACTORS
PRIMARY FACTORS
1. RAW-MATERIAL SUPPLY:
2. MARKETS:
3. POWER AND FUEL SUPPLY:
4. WATER SUPPLY:
5. CLIMATE:
SPECIFIC FACTORS
6. TRANSPORTATION:
A. AVAILABILITY OF VARIOUS SERVICES AND PROJECTED RATES
7. WASTE DISPOSAL:
8. LABOR:
9. REGULATORY LAWS:
10. TAXES:
11. SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
12. COMMUNITY FACTORS:
13. VULNERABILITY TO WARTIME ATTACK:
14. FLOOD AND FIRE CONTROL:
EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
1. DEPRECIATION:
2. FIXED ASSETS:
3. WORKING CAPITAL:
4. BREAK-EVEN POINT:
5. OTHER FIXED EXPENSES:
6. MARGIN MONEY:
7. TOTAL LOAD:
8. LAND AREA/MAN POWER RATIO:
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES
INTRODUCTION
PROJECT HANDLING
PROJECT SCHEDULING
PROJECT CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
TIME SCHEDULE
ADDRESSES OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
BOILER
TANKS: STORAGE
DRYERS & DRYING OVENS
REACTION VESSELS
FILTER PRESS
EVAPORATOR
RAW MATERIAL SUPPLIERS
PHOSPHORIC ACID
SODA ASH
STARCH
APPENDIX – A:
01. PLANT ECONOMICS
02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
