Turmeric Production and Processing with Curcumin Extraction Biosynthesis

Complete Technology Handbook on Turmeric Production and Processing with Curcumin Extraction Biosynthesis (Importance, Methods, Properties, Composition, Chemistry, Biotechnology and Project Profiles)

Complete Technology Handbook on Turmeric Production and Processing with Curcumin Extraction Biosynthesis contains chapters on Major Spices - Importance and Scope, Turmeric - The Golden Spice of Life, Local Germplasm Turmeric, Origin, Nomenclature, History and Processing of Turmeric, Composition of Turmeric, Scientific Cultivation of Turmeric, Botany and Crop Improvement of Turmeric, Consumption and Importance of Turmeric, Turmeric as a Traditional Medicine, Phytochemistry of Turmeric, Biotechnology of Turmeric and Related Species, Agronomy of Turmeric, Diseases of Turmeric and IPM, Insect Pests of Turmeric, Post-harvest Technology and Processing of Turmeric, Curcumin Biological and Medicinal Properties, Clinical Studies using Turmeric, Turmeric Oil Technology, Turmeric Production, Marketing and Economics, Turmeric as Spice and Flavourant, Other Economically Important Turmeric Species, Turmeric Production Constraints Gaps and Future Vision, Safety, Efficacy, and Contraindications, Extraction, Isolation and Quantification of Curcumin, Separation of Curcumin from Turmeric, Methods of Identification and Characterization of Curcumin in Plant Extracts, Nanoscale Colloidal Systems for Curcumin Delivery, Curcumin and its Role in Cancer Prevention, Effect of Curcumin on Immune System, Green Extraction Techniques, Synthetic Approaches and its Anti-Inflammatory, Anti- Oxidant and Anti-Neoplastic Effects from Turmeric Rhizomes, Curcumin Supplementation in Chronic Disease, Advances in using Curcumin in Rational Drug Therapy, Plant Economics of Curcumin Extraction Plant with Turmeric Oil (API and 95%), Plant Economics of Curcumin Extraction Plant, Plant Economics of Turmeric Oil, and Plant Economics of Turmeric Processing [Turmeric Powder, Curcumin and Turmeric Oil].

ISBN: 9788189765644

CHAPTER 1

Major Spices - Importance and Scope

CHAPTER 2

Turmeric - The Golden

CHAPTER 3

Local Germplasm Turmeric

Introduction
Germplasm panel
Experimental site and design
Trait measurement
Estimation of total and individual curcuminoid content through HPTLC .
Estimation of total and individual curcuminoid content through UHPLC
Statistical analysis .
Results
Germplasm clusters
Cluster analysis based on the dendrogram .
IISR PRAGATI - A high Yielding, Short Duration Turmeric Variety
Serves Niche for Indian Turmeric Growers .
The characteristic features
Black turmeric: its importance and cultivation
Introduction .
Botanical description .
Traditional values
Agronomic practices
Nutritional Value/ Medicinal Use
Phyto-constituents
Uses
Climate
Soil
Field preparation
Seed treatment
Intercultural operations
Harvesting
Caring
Wild turmeric: Its importance
and morphological
description
Uses
Medicinal uses

CHAPTER 4

Origin, Nomenclature, History and Processing of Turmeric

CHAPTER 5

Composition of Turmeric

Introduction
Chemical and nutritional
composition of turmeric .
Turmeric Oil: Composition,
Extraction, and Potential
Health Benefits .
Composition .
Extraction .
Actual Health Benefits of Turmeric Oil ..
Antimicrobial Activity .
Antioxidant Activity .
Anti-hyperlipidemic and Gastroprotective
Activity .
Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity .
Flow Chart of Essential
Solvent Extraction Kit .
Extracting Process of Pilot Unit

CHAPTER 6

Scientific Cultivation of Turmeric

Introduction
Importance of turmeric
Health benefits of turmeric
Turmeric is a natural antiinflammatory .
Turmeric is a powerful antioxidant .
Turmeric has anti-cancer
effects
Turmeric might be brain food
Turmeric May Help Protect Against Heart Disease
Turmeric May Help Ease Symptoms of Osteoarthritis
Turmeric May Play a Role in Prevention and Treatment of Certain Types of Cancer .
Turmeric May Help Treat or Prevent Diabetes
Turmeric May Help Prevent and Treat Eye Diseases
Turmeric May Help Ease Inflammatory Bowel Disease Symptoms
Turmeric Shows Promise in Alzheimer’s Disease Research .
Turmeric May Play a Role in Depression Treatment
Turmeric May Play a Role in Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms
Turmeric May Help Treat Eczema, Psoriasis and Other Skin Conditions
Utilization of turmeric .
Condiment
Colouring agent .
Cosmetology .
Dermatological uses .
Value Added Products Manufactured Using Turmeric
Turmeric Oleoresin
Turmeric/Haldi Drops .
Curcumin Powder .
Haldi Doodh/ Golden (Turmeric) Milk ..
Turmeric Powder .
Turmeric Pickle
Ingredients .
Turmeric Chutney .
Raw Turmeric Panjiri - 1
Ingredients .
Raw Turmeric Panjiri - 2
Raw Turmeric Halwa .
Origin and Distribution of Turmeric
Types of turmeric
Cropping system .
Pick and Cultivate Your
Region’s Best Varieties
Field Preparation for Turmeric Cultivation
Rhizome Selection .
Seed Rate
Seed Treatment
When to grow Turmeric Crop .
Spacing and Planting
Nutrient Requirement .
Micronutrient Application
Irrigation
Intercultural Practices .
Mulching
Earthing up
Weeding .
Inter Cropping and Crop Rotation .
Harvest and post harvest
management .
Harvesting and on farm processing of turmeric
Post-harvest handling of rhizomes for seed purpose .
Post-harvest Processing .
Boiling
Drying
Polishing .
Problems and prospects

CHAPTER 7

Botany and Crop Improvement of Turmeric

Appearance .
Roots .
Habitat
Cultivation .
Medicinal powder
Reproduction
Need for crop improvement in turmeric .
Genetic diversity and agroclimate based selection for elite genotypes
Correlation and path analysis based selection for quality improvement in turmeric
Use of molecular markers for selection of elite turmeric genotypes
Biotechnological approaches for quality improvement in turmeric
Molecular sequencing approaches for quality improvement in turmeric
Crop Improvement .
Species .
Improved turmeric varieties
CO 1
BSR 1
BSR 2
Soil and climate .
Season
Land preparation .
Seed rhizome selection .
Seed materials
Seed rate .
Seed Treatment .
Planting
Spacing
Manures and manuring .
Top Dressing under drip system of irrigation
Micronutrient application .
Systems Of Cultivation
Bed system (Raised or flat)
Ridge and furrow method .
Inter Cultivation
Rotation and Mixed Cropping .

CHAPTER 8

Consumption and Importance of Turmeric

Science behind Turmeric .
Turmeric Supplements
Turmeric Supplements and Drug Interactions
Turmeric Nutrition .
Importune of Turmeric and Curcumin in therapeutic uses
Antioxidant Effects
Decreased Arthritis Pain
Boosted Memory and Mood
Cancer-Fighting Effects
Managed Blood Sugar Levels
Other Uses

CHAPTER 9

Turmeric as a Traditional Medicine .

Digestive Disorders .
Liver Diseases .
Cancer .
Atherosclerosis .
Osteoarthritis .
Menstrual problems of Woman .
Eye Disorder ..
Other Health Disorders
From Traditional Medicine to Modern Medicine
In Vitro Studies with Turmeric

CHAPTER 10

Phytochemistry of Turmeric

CHAPTER 11

Biotechnology of Turmeric and Related Species ..

Introduction .
Micropropagation .
Clonal multiplication in vitro
Induction of Microrhizomes
Inflorescence Culture and In Vitro Pollination
In Vitro Pollination and Hybridization .
Plant Regeneration from Callus Cultures and Somaclonal Variation
Micropropagation and plant regeneration of related taxa
Cell Suspension ..
Induced variations in turmeric and RAPD characterization of somaclones .
Isolation of Protoplasts ..
Synthetic Seeds
Conservation of Genetic Resources
Use in vitro technology .
Identify elite genotypes
Use molecular marker techniques
Conduct genetic diversity analysis
Conduct hybridization efforts
Why is it important to conserve turmeric’s genetic resources?
In Vitro Conservation
Germplasm Exchange
Cryopreservation .
DNA Storage .
Molecular Characterization .

CHAPTER 12

Agronomy of Turmeric

Introduction .
Crop Environment .
Climatic and Soil Requirements .
Cultivars and Varieties ..
Propagation and Planting .
Nutrient Management .
Time of planting .
Planting Material .
Depth of planting
eed rate .
Planting methods .
Mulching .
Weeding and irrigation
Mixed cropping
Efficacy of pre and post emergence herbicides with cultural practices on weeds, productivity and profitability in turmeric
Weeds Management.
Micronutrient application .
Fertigation
Organic Manuring .
Maintenance of buffer zone
Sources of planting material .
Preparation of land and planting .
Cultural practices .
Manuring .
Nutrient Management
Nutrients on quality .
Cropping Systems ..
Response to solar radiation .

CHAPTER 13

Diseases of Turmeric and IPM

CHAPTER 14

Insect Pests of Turmeric

Shoot borer (Conogethes punctiferalis Guenee, Lepidoptera: Crambidae) .
Damage
Life History .
Resistance
Natural Enemies .
Management .
Rhizome Scale (Aspidiella Hartii Ckll.) .
Distribution
Damage .
Resistance
Management .
Minor Insect Pests
Sap Feeders
Leaf Feeders .
Rhizome Borers .
Major insect pests of stored turmeric .
Distribution .
Damage .
Life History .
Management
Minor insect pests of stored turmeric
Rhizome scale (Aspidiella hartii Signoret, Heteroptera: Diaspididae)
Leaf roller (Udaspes folus Cram., Lepidoptera: Hesperidae)
Other minor pests .

CHAPTER 15

Post-harvest Technology and Processing of Turmeric

Processing of turmeric by traditional method .
Washing
Boiling/Blanching/Cooking .
Drying .
Colouring
Grinding or Powder making
Grading, packing and storage
Extraction: oleoresin production
Proposed improvements
Cultivar .
Post-harvest handling ..
Storage .
Market potential
Areas of application
What are the markets available for the innovation? .
How is the CSIR-CFTRI planning to market the innovation? .

CHAPTER 16

Curcumin Biological and Medicinal Properties

Curcumin: Background .
Isolation of Curcumin from
Turmeric Rhizome and
Methods of Identification
Physico-Chemical Properties of Curcumin
Structure, Bioavailability, and Safety of the Application of Curcumin
Characterization of Curcumin
Biological Activities of Curcumin .
Antimicrobial Activity .
Antiparasitic and Antimalarial Activity .
Anti-Inflammatory Activity
Antioxidant Activity
Antinociceptive Activity .
Wound Healing Agent .

CHAPTER 17

Clinical Studies using Turmeric

Introduction .
General Functions
Inflammation/inflammatory markers
Clinical Uses
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) / cognitive function
Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Asthma
Cancer
Cardiometabolic conditions and risk factors .
Dyslipidaemia
Endothelial dysfunction .
Hypertension .
Metabolic syndrome
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Digestive conditions
Gallbladder function .
Gastric ulcer/Helicobacter pylori ..
Inflammatory bowel disease .
Irritable bowel syndrome
Exercise recovery/ performance ..
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Overweight/obesity .
Psychiatric disorders .
Depression/anxiety .
Schizophrenia .
Skin conditions .
Oral lichen planus
Psoriasis .
Safety .
Drug interactions .
Pregnancy & breastfeeding
Children and adolescents .

CHAPTER 18

Turmeric Oil Technology .

Introduction .
Chemical Structure and Properties .
Composition
Extraction
Extraction Techniques
Conventional Methods for Extraction of Curcumin
Novel Methods for Extraction of Curcumin
Purification .

CHAPTER 19

Turmeric Production, Marketing and Economics ..

CHAPTER 20

Turmeric as Spice and Flavourant

Fresh vs. dried .
Rub it
Simmer it .
Drink it .
Spice-Rubbed Roasted Chicken .
Jeweled Golden Rice
Curried Rice Noodles with Broccoli and Tofu
Mango-Turmeric Lassi .
Buttermilk Kadhi .
Indian Vegetable and Rice Skillet .
Flavor
Appearance .
Flavour Compounds in Turmeric .
Turmeric Flavour Oil .
Turmeric Flavour Oil Uses
Cooking .
Bakery Products
Lip Care Products .
Confectionery Products
Ice Creams
Mocktails
Turmeric Flavour Oil Benefits
Easily Blendable
Rich Flavour
Concentrated Formula .
Alcohol Free .
Gluten Free
Vegan Product .
Turmeric products
Turmeric as a colorant .
Turmeric as spice .
Applications ..

CHAPTER 21

Other Economically Important Turmeric Species

Economic Importance .
Economic use of turmeric
Global production scenario
Indian scenario .
Trends observed in the turmeric economy
Major turmeric-based research and development activities .
Status of the micro food processing environment in turmeric
Branding and marketing support
Challenges in enhancing the availability of turmeric in a sustainable manner in the country?
Measures through which the PMFME Scheme can enhance its effectiveness and impact in supporting micro food processing enterprises operating in turmeric
Curcuma Aeruginosa Roxb.
C. alismatifolia gagnep.
C. amada roxb.
C. amarissima roscoe .
C. angustifolia roxb. .
C. aromatica salisb.
C. aurantiaca Zijp .
C. Australasica Hook. F.
C. bicolor Mood and K. Larsen
C. caesia ROXB.
C. cordata Wall. .
C. elata Roxb.
C. Glans K. Larsen and Mood
C. harmandii Gagnep.
C. latifolia Roscoe .
C. mangga Valeton and Zijp
C. montana Roxb.
C. parviflora Wall. .
C. petiolata Roxb.
C. rhabdota Sirirugsa and M. F.Newman
C. rhomba Mood and K. Larsen .
C. roscoeana Wall.
C. rubescens Roxb.
C. sparganifolia Gagnep.
C. thorelii Gagnep.
C. zanthorrhiza Roxb.
C. zedoaria (Christm.)
Roscoe .

CHAPTER 22

Turmeric Production Constraints Gaps and Future Vision

Introduction
Production and Trade ..
Product Utilization
Constraints and gaps .
Future Vision ..

CHAPTER 23

Safety, Efficacy, and Contraindications .

Hurdles in the Applications of Curcumin
Low Bioavailability and Solubility
Combination with Other Drugs
Curcumin Complex
Controversial in Purity
Side Effects of Curcumin .
Risk of Kidney Calculi in
Susceptible Individuals
Anemia in Patients with Iron Failure ..
Liver Injury .
Abnormal Cardiac Conductions .
Influence on Other Drugs .
Allergic Reactions
Cancer Induction
Other Risks
Effect of turmeric powder on blood pressure
Effect of turmeric powder on Lipid profile .
Effect of turmeric powder on Kidney function tests .
Effect of turmeric powder on Kidney function tests .
Turmeric and Curcumin Safety .
Side Effects .
Interactions .
Adverse effects ..

CHAPTER 24

Extraction, Isolation and Quantification of Curcumin .

Introduction ..
Curcumin Associated Functional Foods, Human Immune System, and COVID-19
Extraction, Isolation and Quantification of Curcumin
Developed Functional Food Associated With Curcumin and Its Relation With the Immune System and COVID-19
Cereal-Based Product .
Dairy-Based Product
Other Functional Food Product ..
Future Prospective and Research Opportunities

CHAPTER 25

Separation of Curcumin from Turmeric

Introduction
Extraction Techniques .
Conventional Methods for Extraction of Curcumin
Novel Methods for Extraction of Curcumin .
Purification .
Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE)
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
Curcumin purification techniques .
Column chromatography (CC)
Extraction of curcumin from turmeric rhizomes (Curcuma longa). ..

CHAPTER 26

Methods of Identification and Characterization of Curcumin in Plant Extracts

Characteristic color .
Solvent extraction
Chromatographic analysis
Spectroscopic methods .

CHAPTER 27

Nanoscale Colloidal Systems for Curcumin Delivery .

Applicable Strategies of Curcumin in Drug Delivery Systems
Liposomes
Solid lipid nanoparticles
Polymeric nanoparticles
Cyclodextrins
Chitosan .
Polymeric micelles .
Folate-targeting nanoparticles
Chitosans based hybrid nanoparticles .
Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticle

CHAPTER 28

Curcumin and its Role in Cancer Prevention

Introduction
Curcumin .
Antioxidant Activity
Anti-inflammatory Activity: Effect on NF-kB Pathway
Anti-cancer Activity: Suppression of Carcinogenesis
Effect on Transcription Factors NF-kB and AP-1
Effect on Cell Cycle Regulation and Apoptosis ..
Mechanism of action of curcumin as anti-cancer agent
Free-radical scavenger
Inhibitor of angiogenesis
Anti-inflammatory action .
Improves chemosensitization
Induces apoptosis .

CHAPTER 29

Effect of Curcumin on Immune System

Introduction
Curcumin: a powerful immune system modulator
Anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin .
Antioxidant properties of curcumin
Immunomodulatory effects of curcumin
Clinical Evidence for Curcumin Benefits in Immune Health .
Curcumin in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases
Curcumin in ageing and immune decline
Curcumin In Cancer Treatment .

CHAPTER 30

Green Extraction Techniques, Synthetic Approaches and its Anti-Inflammatory, Anti- Oxidant and Anti- Neoplastic Effects from Turmeric Rhizomes

Introduction
Extraction Methods
Physical and Chemical Analysis and Yield of Extraction
Antioxidant Activities: Total Phenolic Content (TPC), DPPH and FRAP
Analysis of Curcuminoid Content Using High Pressure Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC)
Human Cell Culture
Cell Viability Assay
Statistical Analysis
Green Solvents for Extraction .
Extraction Methodology
Traditional Extraction Methods
Green Solvents for Extraction
Extraction Methodology
Traditional Extraction Methods
Greener/Advanced Extraction Methods
Supercritical Fluid Extraction
SCF Extraction Process
Extraction Methods as SFEAdjunct .

CHAPTER 31

Curcumin Supplementation in Chronic Disease

Curcumin for cancer
Cervical cancer
Colon cancer
Head and neck cancer
Pancreatic cancer .
Other cancers
Curcumin for cardiovascular diseases
Acute coronary syndrome
Acute myocardial infarction
Dyslipidaemia
Metabolic and cardiovascular health
Curcumin for inflammatory diseases
Biliary diseases
Bronchial asthma
Chronic anterior uveitis .
Chronic cutaneous complications
Chronic periodontitis
Gingivitis
Oral mucositis
Oral lichen planus (OLP) .
Chronic pulmonary complications
Chronic kidney disease
Gastritis
Inflammatory bowel disease .
Crohn’s disease ..
Ulcerative colitis (UC)
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Peptic ulcer
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Curcumin for metabolic disease
Diabetes .
Obesity .
Curcumin for neurological disease .
Alzheimer’s disease
Depression .
Curcumin for skin diseases .
Psoriasis
Dermatitis
Vitiligo
Curcumin for infectious diseases
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Curcumin for liver diseases454 Other diseases .
Synergy of curcumin with other
nutraceuticals in the clinic

CHAPTER 32

Advances in using Curcumin in Rational Drug Therapy

Introduction
Pharmacological Properties of C. longa
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Respiratory Disorders
Inflammatory Disorders
Diabetes Mellitus
Cardiovascular Diseases
Hepatoprotective
Neuroprotective Activity
Antioxidant Properties
Anticancer Activity .
Anti-Allergic Activity .
Antidermatophytic Activity
Pregnancy/Neonates .
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Dyspepsia and Gastric Ulcer
Antidepressant Properties
Curcumin Prevents Drug Resistance .
Antimicrobial and Synergistic Property
Antibacterial Activity
Synergistic Interaction .
Antifungal Activity
Antiviral and Antiparasitic Activity
Antifertility
Immunomodulatory
Nano-Formulations and Green Synthesis of C. longa and Its Related Compounds

CHAPTER 33

Plant Economics of Curcumin Extraction Plant with Turmeric Oil (API and 95%)

CHAPTER 34

Plant Economics of Curcumin Extraction Plant .

CHAPTER 35

Plant Economics of Turmeric Oil

CHAPTER 36

Plant Economics of Turmeric Processing [Turmeric Powder, Curcumin and Turmeric Oil]

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