Complete Technology Handbook on Peanuts Processing with Product Development and Project Profiles (Characteristics, Utilization, Physiology, Nutrition)
Complete Technology Handbook on Peanuts Processing with Product Development contains chapters on Introduction, Peanut Agriculture and Production Technology, Integrated Nutrient Management, Breeding of the Cultivated Peanut, Liming, Fertilization, and Mineral Nutrition, Irrigation, Water-use and Water Relations, Weeds and their Control in Peanuts, Aflatoxins and other Mycotoxins in Peanuts, Grading, Cleaning, Storage, Shelling, and Marketing of Peanuts, Postharvest Physiology and Maturity, Composition, Nutrition, and Flavour of Peanuts, Peanut DNA Extraction Method, Potential Uses of Peanuts and Peanut Components, Distribution and Utilization of Peanut Variety Resources, Peanut Processing Quality Definition and Classification, Quality Characteristics and Determination Methods of Peanut Raw Materials, Peanut Oil Quality Characteristics, Peanut Oil Processing Technology - Pressing & Prepress Extraction, Oxidation Stability Improvement of Peanut Oil, Residual Levels of Five Pesticides in Peanut Oil Processing & Chips Frying, Peanut Protein Concentrate Technology, Peanut Protein Isolate, Peanut Oligopepide Technology and Biological Activity, Salted Peanuts Processing Technology and Regulatory Requirements, Peanut By-products Utilization Technology, Relationship between Raw Material Quality & High-Solubility Protein Quality of Peanut, Quality Evaluation Standards of Peanuts Suitable for High-Gelation Protein Processing, Peanut Kernel Processing, Mechanical Behaviour of Groundnut Kernel, Peanut Butter Production Process, Peanut Allergens and Prevention, Plant Economics of Honey Coated Cashewnuts, Peanuts & other Nuts, Plant Economics of Peanut Milk, Kefir, Flavoured Milk and Beverages, Plant Economics of Peanut Products Plant, Plant Economics of Roasted, Salted Almonds, Peanuts.
ISBN: 9788189765651
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Market potential
History of Groundnut Cultivation in India
Product Description
Product & its Application
Raw Material
Nutrition
Protein
Fibre
Fat
Vitamins
Minerals
Calorie
Health
Cholesterol lowering
Diabetes
Alzheimer disease
Regulation of weight
Hunger maintenance
Peanut digestibility
Antinutritioanl factors
Contents-cum-Index
Atherosclerosis
Bioactives in peanut
Processing and Machinery
Requirement
Importance of processing
Processing
In shell processing
Shelling
Roasting
Products
Derived products
Roasted Groundnut
Roasting
Continuous dry roasters
Machineries Required
Advantages of ghani mill
Baby expeller mills
Solvent Extraction plant
Machineries Required
Oil Expeller
Oil Filter Press
Bottle filling Machine
Screw Conveyor
Collection tanks/ Silos
Peanut butter
Processing steps
Packaging
Shelf life
Machineries Required
Salted groundnuts
Quality attributes of Groundnut
Products
Flavour
Texture
Sensory quality
Market Potential of Groundnut
Products
Hurdles
CHAPTER 2
Peanut Agriculture and Production Technology
Introduction
Seed quality and treatment
Intercultural Activities of Groundnut Farming
Harvesting and Yield of Groundnut Farming
Post Harvest Management of Groundnut Farming
Cost and Profit Analysis or Groundnut Farming
Focus on Crop Production
Modern agriculture is based, to a large extent, on the
efficient use of
Present Scenario of the Research
Agro-Climatic Conditions, Soil Characteristics, and Locality
Preparation of the Field
Procurement of Seeds
Methodology and Plan of Work
CHAPTER 3
Integrated Nutrient Management
Introduction
Bacterial diseases
Fungal diseases
Nematodes, parasitic
Phytoplasma, Virus and virus like diseases
Groundnut green rosette virus
Pest diseases
Liming and Ca fertilizers
Chemical Fertilizers
Fertiliser selection and
Balanced doses.
Balanced/organic nutrition supplements in peanut crop agro-physiology
Bio-fertilizers
Other amendments and Intercultural practices
Cropping Systems
Selection of nutrient efficient genotypes
Polythene Mulch Technology
Management of biotic and abiotic stresses
CHAPTER 4
Breeding of the Cultivated Peanut
Introduction
Pre-breeding Efforts
Genetics
Genomics
Breeding
Focus traits and breeding
methods
Genetic resources
Breeding for specific traits
Drought
Leaf spots
Rust
Rosette
Aflatoxin
Quality
Marker assisted breeding
Molecular Markers and Genetic
Maps
Markers Associated with
Agronomically Beneficial
Traits
Association Mapping
Amphidiploids as Source of Agronomically Beneficial Traits
CHAPTER 5
Liming, Fertilization, and Mineral Nutrition
Introduction
Liming Purpose and Options
Lime Needs Time
Particle Size Matters
Standard Definitions
Nutrient Management
Macronutrients
Nitrogen
Symptoms and diagnosis
Control measures
Phosphorus
Symptoms, and diagnosis
Control measures
Sulphur
Symptoms and diagnosis
Control measures
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Micronutrients
Iron
Manganese
Zinc
Copper
Boron
Molybdenum
Chlorine
CHAPTER 6
Irrigation, Water-use and Water Relations
Groundnut Irrigation: Techniques, Best Practices, and Water Management
Understanding Groundnut
Cultivation
Ideal Growing Conditions
Growth Stages
Factors Influencing Groundnut
Irrigation Needs
Soil Type and Moisture Holding
Capacity
Climate
Growth Stage
Water Quality
Effective Irrigation Techniques
for Groundnut
Cultivation
Drip Irrigation
Furrow Irrigation
Sprinkler Irrigation
Moisture Sensors and Monitoring
Best Practices for Groundnut Irrigation Management
Irrigation Scheduling
Mulching
Crop Rotation and Diversification
Integrated Water Management
Irrigation system for peanut cultivation
Water filtration
Fertigation
CHAPTER 7
Weeds and their Control in Peanuts
Crop Rotation
Cultivation
Weed Scouting
Mechanical weed control
Chemical weed control
Thermal Weed Control .
Weed control with tank-mix combinations
Weed efficacy studies
Mechanical weed control
Chemical weed control
Effects of tank mix
combinations on weed
control, peanut phytotoxicity, and peanut yield
Weed efficacy with combinations of herbicides plus fungicides
Annual grass control
Palmer amaranth control
Horse purslane control
Smellmelon control
Peanut phytotoxicity with tank mix combinations
Peanut yield as influenced by tank mix combinations
CHAPTER 8
Aflatoxins and other Mycotoxins in Peanuts
Aflatoxins
Pathogen Biology and Identification
Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) Regulatory
Standards for the Food
Aflatoxin Content
Aflatoxin Contaminated Products
Aflatoxin Detection in Peanut
Sampling Procedure for Peanut
Aflatoxin Contamination
Test
Pre-Harvest Aflatoxin Mitigation
Strategies
Use of Resistant Varieties
Timely Irrigation
Commercial Bio-Control
Products and RNA
Interference Spray
Calcium
Insect Management
Early Harvesting
Crop Rotation
Cultural Practices
Weed Management
Post-Harvest Aflatoxin Mitigation
Strategies
Storage Conditions
Equipment Sanitization
Packaging
Separation of Infected and Healthy Pods
Mycotoxins in peanuts
Introduction
Management techniques
Lot segregation
Screening
Density segregation
Kernel sizing
Electronic colour sorting
Blanching and electronic colour
sorting
Prevention techniques
Kernel moisture control
Aflatoxin risk forecasting for early harvesting
Biological control
CHAPTER 9
Grading, Cleaning,Storage, Shelling,and Marketing of Peanuts
Grading
Cleaning system
How does a peanut cleaning system work?
Peanut cleaning equipment
Peanut Sheller & Cleaning Machine
Peanut-Shelling Technologies
and Equipment
Research on the Shelling Law
and Material Characteristics
of Peanuts
Peanut-Shelling Process
Principles of Peanut
Shelling
The Main Structural Types of Key Components
The Type of Shelling
Equipment and the Impact
of Its Operational
Quality
Parameters of Component
Structure and Working
Storage
Peanuts Market Trends
The Rising Production of Peanuts
Asia-Pacific is the Largest Market
CHAPTER 10
Postharvest Physiology and Maturity
Postharvest factors influencing
Quality of Peanuts
Ethylene management
Irradiation
Respiration
Relative Humidity
Physical Handling
Gases
Flowering
Pollination, Fertilization and Peg Formation
Seed Development
Seed Harvest and Maturity
Seed Curing and Drying
Seed Storage
Germplasm conservation and maintenance breeding
Storage at farm level
Seed quality deterioration during storage
Effect of Aspergillus on groundnut seed germination
Germination and Seed Vigour Tests
Relationship between Seed Germination and Dormancy
Seed Hardening and Priming
Genetic Improvement
CHAPTER 11
Composition, Nutrition, and Flavour of Peanuts
Nutrition
Peanuts & Nutrition
Peanuts and Health
Nutrient Composition of Peanut and Peanut Butter per 30g and 100g
Amino Acid Content Peanut Products
Fatty Acid Content Peanut Products
Minerals and Vitamins Content
Aflatoxins
Protein
Healthful fats
Dietary fiber
Roasted Groundnut
Roasting Dry roasting
Continuous dry roasters
Roasted & Flavoured
Peanuts
Manufacturing Process
Machines and equipments manufacturers
Disclaimer
CHAPTER 12
Peanut DNA Extraction Method
Introduction
Plant materials
Solutions and reagents
DNA extraction protocol
DNA purification protocol .
DNA isolation by other methods
DNA analysis
Results and Discussion
CHAPTER 13
Potential Uses of Peanuts and Peanut Components
Introduction
Peanut by-products
Peanut meal
Peanut skin
Peanut hull
Peanut vine
Preservation
Chemical composition
Peanut protein
Peanut polyphenolic compounds
Peanut as a functional food
Bioactive components in peanuts
Arginine
Resveratrol
Phytosterols
Phenolic acids and flavonoids
Functional nutrient composition of peanuts
Peanut butter
Peanut consumption and health benefits
Peanut consumption and body weight
Peanut consumption and cardiovascular diseases
Peanut consumption and cognitive performance
Peanut consumption and microbiota
Critical points for peanut consumption
CHAPTER 14
Distribution and Utilization of Peanut Variety Resources
Introduction
Fats, vitamins and minerals
Presence of secondary metabolites
Industrial properties and applications
Protein solubility, emulsification
Influence of extraction procedure, pH, temperature
Gel forming ability or foaming
Water holding capacity and oil binding capacity
Role in hunger management
Methods to improve nutrition and manage allergenic properties
General of Peanut Germplasm Resources
Germplasm assembly in the ICRISAT
Germplasm management in the ICRISAT genebank
Phenotypic characterization and evaluation
Regeneration
Conservation
SNP genotyping using the Axiom Arachis2 SNP array
Germplasm identity and accession relationships
RNase H2-dependent PCR genotyping assays
Marker-trait association
Results
SNP genotyping with the Axiom Arachis2 SNP array
Genotype verification and accession relationships
SNP genotyping using rhAmp assays
Marker-trait association
Peanut Planting Area and Production Quantity
Scope and Importance of Groundnut Farming
Cultivars/Varieties
Bunch variety
Semi-spreading variety
Plant and Produce Properties
Soil and Climatic Conditions for Groundnut Farming
Land Preparation and Planting for Groundnut
Propagation of Groundnut
Manure and Fertilizer Requirements for Groundnut Farming
Irrigation Facilities
Intercultural Activities of Groundnut Farming
Pest and Disease Control in Groundnut Farming
Harvesting and Yield of Groundnut Farming
Post Harvest Management of Groundnut Farming
International Trade of Peanut and Its Processed
Emerging Gobal Demand for Peanuts
Peanut Export from India
Top Peanut HS Codes
Top 10 Peanut Exporting Countries
Peanut Exporters In India
Peanuts can be processed into many products, including:
Peanut meal
Peanut skin
Peanut hull
Peanut vine
CHAPTER 15
Peanut Processing Quality Definition and Classification
Sensory Quality
Physicochemical and Nutritional Quality
Protein
Fat
Carbohydrate
Phytosterol and Squalene
Anti-nutritional Factors in Peanut
Processing Quality
Pure Kernel Rate
Sugar Content
Oil Yield
Protein Extraction Rate
Oleic Acid/Linoleic Acid
Unsaturated Fatty Acid/ Saturated Fatty Acid
Arachin/Conarachin
CHAPTER 16
Quality Characteristics and Determination Methods of Peanut Raw Materials
Quality Characteristics of Separated Protein from Peanut
Edible Quality
Physicochemical and Nutritional Quality
Processing Quality
Correlation between Quality Characteristics
Evaluation Method of Gelation
Evaluation Indicators
Evaluation Equation
Outlier of Hardness, Elasticity, and Cohesion
Normalization Method: Adopt Formula
Correlation Between Comprehensive Value of Gelation and Original Indicator
Establishment of Evaluation Equation of Comprehensive Value of Gelation
CHAPTER 17
Peanut Oil Quality Characteristics
Peanut Oil Production
Quality Analysis
Composition Analysis
Antioxidant Activity
Rancimat Test Kinetic Parameter
Volatile Compound Analysis
Edible Quality
Physicochemical and Nutritional Quality
Processing Quality
Correlation between Quality Characteristics
Determination Methods
Imperfect Fruit, Immature Fruit, Broken Fruit, Insect-
Damaged Fruit, Damaged
Fruit, and Imperfect Grain
(Insect-Damaged Grain,
Diseased Grain,
Germinative Grain, Broken
Grain, Immature Grain, and
Damaged Grain)
Metamorphic Kernel (Moldy
Grain, Thermal Loss Grain,
Discolored Grain, Oily
Grain, Spotty Grain, and
Other Damaged
Grains)
Thousand Grain Weight
Impurity
Color
Smell
Whole Half Peanut Kernel
Different Variety Rate
Peanut Kernel Size
Rancid Kernel
Data Analysis
CHAPTER 18
Peanut Oil Processing Technology Pressing & Prepress Extraction
Peanut oil processing
Groundnuts solvent extraction process
The raw material for Groundnut oil production
Equipment used for Groundnut oil extraction process:
Groundnut oil extraction process
Cleaning
Shelling
Grading
Crushing
Rolling or grinding
Steaming or Cooking
Pressing
Peanut oil pressing methods
Filtering
Refining
Packaging and Labelling
Packaging Requirements
General Requirements for Labelling
Declaration regarding Veg or Non-veg
Declaration regarding Food Additives
Name and complete address of the manufacturer:
Net quantity
Lot/Code/Batch Identification
Date of manufacture or packing
Best Before and Use by Date
Instructions for use
Flow Chart of Obtaining License by FSSAI
Equipment & Machinery for starting Groundnut Oil
Manufacturing Business
Peanut oil refined production equipment
Groundnut/Peanut oil solvent extraction machine.
Groundnut/Peanut oil refining machine
CHAPTER 19
Oxidation Stability Improvement of Peanut Oil
Introduction
Oxidation stability
Relationship Between Antioxidant and Stability of Peanut Oil
Impact of Usage and Usage Amount of Antioxidant on Stability of Peanut Oil
Impact of Synergistic Effect of Antioxidant and Synergist on Stability of Peanut
Oil
CHAPTER 20
Residual Levels of Five Pesticides in Peanut Oil Processing & Chips Frying
Introduction
Chemicals and reagents
Instrument
Processing experiment
Peanut oil processing
Chips processing
Sample preparations
Processing of peanut
Processing of chips
CHAPTER 21
Peanut Protein Concentrate Technology
Peanut Protein Powder Processing Technology
Principle
Production Process
Ultrafine Grinding
Microwave Sterilization
Single-Factor Experiment of Microwave Sterilization
Determination of Sterilization Time
Determination of Material Concentration
Product Quality Index
Peanut Tissue Protein Processing Technology
Production principle
Production Process
Processing Technology of Peant Protein
Concentrate
Technological Process
Single-Factor Experiment of First Leaching
Single-Factor Experiment of Secondary Leaching
Orthogonal Rotational Combination Experiment to Prepare Peanut Protein Concentrate Through
Secondary Leaching
Processing technology of peanut protein isolate
Process Principle
Requirements of Raw Materials and Auxiliary Materials
Production Process
Grinding and Leaching
Prefiltration and Primary Separation
Acid-Isolation
Secondary Separation and Washing
Pulping. Readjustment, and Modification
Sterilization and Drying
Peanut Protein Component Preparation Technology
Fractional Separation With Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation Method
Peanut Protein Component Fractionation Process
Preparation of Peanut Arachin
Preparation of Conarachin
Fractional Separation With Low-Temperature Cold Precipitation Method
Arachin
Number of Leaching Times of Peanut Total Protein
Arachin Single-Factor Experiment
Cold Precipitation Time
Arachin Cold Precipitation and Extraction Conditions
Conarachin
CHAPTER 22
Peanut Protein Isolate
Peanut protein concentration and isolates
Importance of different functional properties of PPC and PPI
Amino acid composition
The manufacturing process for peanut protein isolate
CHAPTER 23
Peanut Oligopepide Technology and Biological Activity
Composition of Peanut Oligopeptides
Basic Components
Amino Acid Composition
Molecular Weight Distribution
Testing Method of Oligopeptide
Improvement of Soluble Nitrogen Determination Method
Verification of Improved Lowry Method
Yield of Oligopeptides
Degree of Hydrolysis
Preparation Process and Technology
Enzymolysis Conditions
Single Protease
Single-Factor Test of Alcalase-Hydrolyzed Peanut Protein
Orthogonal Rotation Combination Experiment of Alcalation Hydrolyzed Peanut Protein
Refining Classification
Desalination
Ultrafiltration
Evaluation of Biological Activity
Antioxidant Activity
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) Inhibition and Antihypertensive Activity
Impact of Refining on the Inhibition Activity of ACE of Peanut Oligopeptide
Ultrafiltration
ACE Inhibition Activity Mechanism
Stability of Interaction Between Oligopeptide KLYMRP and ACE
CHAPTER 24
Salted Peanuts Processing Technology and Regulatory Requirements
Major Nutrients in Groundnuts
Salted Peanuts Manufacturing
Manufacturing Salted Peanuts Needs Licenses
Starting A Salted Peanuts Manufacturing Business Requires Investment
The Manufacturing of Salted Peanuts Necessitates the Acquisition of Raw Materials
Salted Peanuts Manufacturing Process
Shelling Process
Roasting Process
Cooling Process
Blanching Process
Salted peanut making machine
Production Process of Salted Peanut/Cashews:
Introduction of Salted Cashew Making Machine
Advantages of Salted Peanut Making Machine
ISI standards for HPS Kernels
CODEX standards for peanuts .
Microbial parameters for peanuts as prescribed by American Peanut
Council
Packaging Materials for Roasted Peanuts
LDPE covers
Pillow pouches
Vacuum packaging machine
Regulatory Requirements for Domestic & International Groundnut Trade
Criteria for Grant of Registration Certificate for Peanut Processing Units Through APEDA
SFSSAI Registration Process
Flowchart of registration process under APEDA
FSSAI Registration
Procedure for Obtaining FSSAI Registration Online
FSSAI Registration Eligibility
Documents Required
General hygienic requirements .
Recommended light intensity for peanut processing facility Room Intensity
CHAPTER 25
Peanut By-products Utilization Technology
Peanut by-products
Peanut meal
Peanut skin
Peanut hull
Peanut vine
Processing of Peanuts to Different Byproducts
Food Applications of Peanut byproducts
Peanut Oil
Composite flours
Protein isolates
Fermented products
Bakery products
Groundnut milk
Mishi
Groundnut-based yoghurt
Groundnut Dahi
Groundnut bars
Groundnut butter
Groundnut cheese
Tofu (curd)
Groundnut sweets
Partially defatted groundnuts
Groundnut protein film
Value-added peanut based nutraceuticals
CHAPTER 26
Relationship between Raw Material Quality & High-Solubility Protein Quality of Peanut
Relationship between Raw Material Quality and High- Gelation Protein Quality of Peanut
Theoretical Analysis Model of Quality Evaluation of Peanut with High-Gelation Protein
Quality Evaluation Indicators of Gel-Type Protein
Establishment of Model
Correlation between Peanut Quality and Gelation
Supervised Principal Component Regression Analysis Modeling
Validation of Model
Practical Application Model of Quality Evaluation of Peanut with High-Gelation
Protein
Establishment of Model
Relationship Between Raw Material Quality and High-Solubility Protein Quality of Peanut
Theoretical Analysis Model of Quality Evaluation of Peanut with High-Solubility Protein
Establishment of Model
Principal component analysis
Relationship Between Peanut Raw Material Quality and Peanut Oil Quality
Correlation Between Fatty Acid Composition and Stability of Peanut Oil
Amino acid composition
Protein Powder Manufacturing Process
Groundnut Protein Production Process
Main Technical Data for Groundnut Protein Extraction Process
Main Application: Food Industry
Other Applications of Groundnut Flour
CHAPTER 27
Quality Evaluation Standards of Peanuts Suitable for High- Gelation Protein Processing
Theoretical Analysis Evaluation Standards
Weight of Evaluation Indicator
Evaluation Indicator Standards
Practical Application Evaluation Standards
CHAPTER 28
Peanut Kernel Processing
Introduction
Market Potential
Groundnuts / Peanuts Solvent Extraction Plant
Specifications of Standard Groundnuts
Groundnut Pods
Cleaning of Groundnut Pods
Deshelling of the Groundnut Pods
Groundnut Kernel Oil Extraction System
Second Cleaning of Kernel
De-stoning
Magnetic Separation
Conditioning / Cooking
Method 1 : Pre Press
Method 2 : Full Press
Solvent Extraction Process
Ground Kernels are the main source of oil and also protein. The Process of Extraction will be carried
out as under.
CHAPTER 29
Mechanical Behaviour of Groundnut Kernel .
Introduction
Methods
Compression test
Results and discussion
CHAPTER 30
Peanut Butter Production Process
Introduction
Industrial Overview
Product Description
Raw Materials Required
Raw Material Description
Types of Raw Material
Process & Machinery Requirement
Raw Material Aspects
Source of Raw Material
Technologies: Single Stage (Traditional method)
Modern Method (Double stage)
Manufacturing Process
Raw material
Shorting and grading
Roasting
Grinding
Filling and Packing .
Nutritional Information
Export Potential & Sales Aspect:
PM-FME SCHEME .
CHAPTER 31
Peanut Allergens and Prevention
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Management and Treatment
Oral immunotherapy for peanut allergy
Can peanut allergy be prevented?
CHAPTER 32
Plant Economics of Honey Coated Cashewnuts, Peanuts & other Nuts
Plant Economics
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Working Capital Requirement/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
CHAPTER 33
Plant Economics of Peanut Milk, Kefir,Flavoured Milk and Beverages
Plant Economics
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Working Capital Requirement/ Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
CHAPTER 34
Plant Economics of Peanut Products Plant
Plant Economics
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Working Capital Requirement/ Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
CHAPTER 35
Plant Economics of Roasted, Salted Almonds, Peanuts
Plant Economics
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Working Capital Requirement/ Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
