MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
[CODE NO.4030]
Inefficient management of the solid waste along with increasing population becomes cause of environmental degradation. The Municipal Solid Waste(Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 lay down the steps to be taken by all municipal authorities for the best practice of solid waste management. Municipal authorities must follow the rules, compliance criteria and procedure which laid down respectively in schedule I and schedule II of the rules. With the increasing of population, the amount of garbage generated also increased. Municipal authorities are responsible for the implementation of MSW 2000 rules. For this purpose, municipal authorities must provide all the facilities like services and infrastructure from collection to disposal of MSW i.e. for collection, segregation, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of municipal solid waste. Population growth has enhanced the quantum of waste generation, leading to decrease in the quality of environment and public health. Increasing the amount of solid waste generation, especially Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), is a matter of serious concern especially in urban areas and this problem has worsened due to the improper disposal plans. Urban Local Bodies should be responsible for proper solid waste collection and disposal methods.
Solid Waste Management (SWM) Rules, 2016 stipulate that the local authorities shall “prepare a solid waste management plan as per state policy and strategy on solid waste management within six months from the date of notification of state policy and strategy and submit a copy to respective departments of State Government or Union territory Administration or agency authorized by the State Government or Union territory Administration” This chapter provides stepwise guidance to local authorities in the preparation of MSWM plans. MSWM is essentially a municipal function; it is mandatory for all municipal authorities to provide this service efficiently to keep the cities and towns clean and to dispose the MSW in an environmentally acceptable manner, complying with the SWM Rules, 2016.
It is also pertinent that MSWM systems adopt measures (as per the Supreme Court Directives, 1998) which not only reduce environmental degradation but also look at how high levels of toxins are affecting the health of men, women, and children. The state level municipal acts clearly mention the mandatory functions and additional discretionary functions that the ULBs must perform. ULBs, therefore, have to prioritize their mandatory functions by duly considering their current status and deficiencies.
The solid waste damage the environment
1. The rubbish occupies much land. Garbage has taken in much precious soil resources and human’s living spaces, which has seriously affected the development and growing of agriculture and industry. Large amount of waste has not only destroyed plants rooted on the earth surface, but also influenced the beauty of natural environment, and also broken the ecological balance of nature.
2. Polluting the environment. Solid waste contains various kinds of harmful components, so if these wastes can’t be disposed in right methods, they will pollute soil, air and water, and even have a harmful influence on various organisms including human being.
3. Spreading disease. Waste has a large number of microorganisms that are the breeding ground of germs, viruses and pests. Thus it will seriously damage people’s healthy. The filtrate of waste can change the components and structure of soil, and the harmful components can damage people’s health through the food chain. Waste can destroy the structure and physical property of soil, which causes the decline of the soil fertile and moisture. It has toxic heavy metals such as pathogenic microorganism, organic pollutants.
4. Under the foundation of rainwater, these harmful components can seriously pollute underground water and surface water. In this case, it has largely affect the living of aquatic organisms and the use of water resources.
5. Solid waste with small size can be floated in the air under the foundation of wind, which can aggravate the air pollution. A large number of garbage are exposed to the open air can generate odor, spread disease.
6. Ash pollution. Living waste after burning will generate much carbon black, whose major component is ash. Carbon atom is quite important composing element of materials, which has large content. In the process of combustion, the polymer compounds will generate a reaction to become a small particle of carbon black material, and these materials will raises under the function of air ascending motion, float in the air and then fall to the ground.
Traditional disposal methods of municipal solid waste
Waste treatment is necessary for us. With the smaller and smaller differences between urban and rural development, the trend of rural to city, quality of living waste also have become bigger and bigger; as the waste materials increases, how to efficiently dispose waste has become an urgency problem for us. Many experts of domestic and overseas have put forward many disposal methods, such as landfill, waste burning to generate electric, etc. However, after the considerations of many respects, these waste treatment methods have theirs disadvantages.
Landfill: landfill can cause a serious pollution to the land. Through a long-term landfill, the waste will be oxygenated, and it will decompose to generate a large number of harmful materials and cancerogenic substance, and these materials will cause serious pollution to the earth and atmosphere, and even will do harm to our next generation.
Burning to generate electricity: it is also one of solid waste recycling methods, but the residual gas also can lead to serious air pollution, and the resulting slag also contains much harmful materials. Therefore, this method can cause secondary pollution.
COST ESTIMATION
Plant Capacity 70 TPD/Day
Land & Building (18000 sq.mt.) Rs. 6.68 Cr
Plant & Machinery Rs. 2.30 Cr
Working Capital for 2 Months Rs. 1.18 Cr
Total Capital Investment Rs. 12.23 Cr
- INTRODUCTION
- THE SOLID WASTE DAMAGE THE ENVIRONMENT
- TRADITIONAL DISPOSAL METHODS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
- ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTES
- DESCRIPTION OF THE WASTE INDUSTRY
- THE MSWM PLAN ENCOMPASSES:
- STATUS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
- PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
- RAPIDLY INCREASING AREAS TO BE SERVED AND QUANTITY OF WASTE:
- INADEQUATE RESOURCES:
- INAPPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY:
- DISPROPORTIONATELY HIGH COST OF MANPOWER:
- SOCIETAL AND MANAGEMENT APATHY:
- LOW EFFICIENCY OF THE SYSTEM:
- PROJECT LOCATION
- REGIONAL LINKAGES
- CITY’S STRENGTHS ARE:
- INDUSTRIAL SECTOR & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- AGRO−PRODUCTS
- PREPARATION OF CITY SANITATION PLAN
- EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE:
- WATER SUPPLY
- SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM
- ROADS
- EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
- SOURCES OF DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE
- GENERATION OF WASTE
- COMPOSITION OF WASTE
- DOMESTIC HOUSEHOLDS
- STREET SWEEPING AND DRAIN CLEANING
- COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS
- BULK GENERATORS- HOTELS, RESTAURANT, SCHOOLS & CINEMA HALLS
- MARKETS
- HOSPITALS & NURSING HOMES
- PRIMARY COLLECTION
- DETAILS OF PRIMARY COLLECTION
- SECONDARY COLLECTION
- TRANSPORTATION
- VEHICLE MAINTENANCE
- STAFFING DETAILS
- QUANTITY OF SOLID WASTE
- PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
- DUMP SITES IN KAKINADA
- AVERAGE COLLECTION AND REVENUE GENERATION FROM MSW:
- PROPOSAL OF NEW MSW MANAGEMENT
- INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT
- PROPOSED SCHEME FOR MUNICIPALITY FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
- WASTE COLLECTION
- HOUSEHOLD COLLECTION
- COLLECTION FROM MARKET PLACE AND COMMUNITY CENTRES
- PROCESSING PLANT FOR MUNICIPAL WASTES
- SEGREGATION OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
- LANDFILLING
- PROCESS TECHNOLOGY
- TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES FOR WASTE PROCESSING
- SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGY
- GOVERNMENT SUPPORT IN MSW MANAGEMENT
- SUBSIDIES:
- FLEXIBILITY:
- INCREASED EFFICIENCY:
- BIOMETHANATION
- THERE ARE SOME WELL-KNOWN EXAMPLES OF INSTALLATION OF
- MSW BASEDBIOGAS PLANTS:
- SOURCE SEGREGATION
- DUTIES OF WASTE GENERATORS: -
- 1. EVERY WASTE GENERATOR SHALL-
- DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES:-
- STORAGE OF SEGREGATED SOLID WASTE AT SOURCE: -
- BIOMETHANATION
- DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES: -
- DUTIES OF WASTE GENERATOR:-
- MERITS OF BIOMETHANATION PROCESS
- GENERALLY THE OVERALL PROCESS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO FOUR STAGES:
- MSW USE IN BIOGAS PLANT
- METHANOGENIC BACTERIA OR METHANOGENS:
- TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF BIOGAS:
- 3.4.1 THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF BIOGAS
- BIOLOGICAL UPGRADING OF BIOGAS
- CURRENT TECHNOLOGY FOR MSW
- LAND FILLING:
- INCINERATION:
- PYROLYSIS:
- COMPOSTING:
- ANAEROBIC DIGESTION:
- SELECTION OF SUITABLE DIGESTION PROCESS:
- DIGESTION MAY BE CONTINUOUS PROCESS OR BATCH PROCESS.
- TECHNOLOGIES FOR BIOGAS PLANT:
- THE TECHNOLOGY SELECTION PROCESS DEPENDS ON SOME BASIC FACTORS. SUCH AS
- BENEFITS OF BIO-GAS TECHNOLOGY FROM MSW
- PROCESS FOR MSW HANDLING
- MSW PIT & GRAB OPERATIONS
- PRE-PROCESSING SECTION
- AIR DENSITY SEPARATOR
- HAG & DRYER
- OUTPUT FROM MSW
- A. NON BIODEGRADABLE OR DRY FRACTIONS
- 1. RECYCLABLES COLLECTED FROM HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS
- 2. CONSTRUCTION DEBRIS
- 2. BIODEGRADABLE OR WET WASTE
- CALCULATION OF RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM BIO-DEGRADABLE FRACTION
- STEPS FOR MSW MANAGEMENT PLANT:
- SIMPLE PROCESS FLOW:
- A. TIPPING FLOOR – DRY WASTE
- B. DRY FEED HOPPER 1 WITH BAG OPENER
- C. LAMELLA SCREEN
- D. MANUAL SORTING STATION
- E. BALER WITH WRAPPING UNIT
- F. SHREDDER
- G. CONTAINER STORAGE SYSTEM
- DETAILS OF THE MRF TREATMENT UNITS
- DRY WASTE FEED HOPPER-1 WITH BAG OPENER
- B. LAMELLA SCREEN
- THE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
- C. MANUAL SORTING STATION
- D. DISPOSAL CHUTES:
- E. EQUIPMENT FOR EACH HAND-PICKING WORK STATION:
- F. IRON SEPARATOR
- THE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
- CHANNEL AUTOMATIC BALER
- THE MATERIALS TO BE BALED INCLUDE:
- THE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
- THE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
- H. SHREDDER
- THE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
- I. CONVEYORS
- CONVEYOR BELT AND ROLLERS:
- MAINTENANCE:
- DRIVEN SECTION:
- TAIL SECTION:
- CHAIN CONVEYOR
- CHAIN BELT CONVEYOR
- ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION MEASURES
- AIR POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES
- WATER POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES
- SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
- NOISE
- ECOLOGY OF THE AREA
- GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT
- LAND USE
- ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
- EQUIPMENT DETAILS
- FEED HOPPER:
- WASTE CONVEYOR:
- TROMMEL SCREEN:
- COMPOSTING TROMMEL SCREEN:
- MAGNETIC SEPARATOR:
- LAMELLA SCREEN
- BALER
- WET TROMMEL SCREEN:
- MACHINE SUPPLIERS
- MAGNETIC SEPARATOR
- TROMMEL SCREEN:
- SHREDDER MACHINE
- LAMELLA SCREEN:
- FEED HOPPER:
APPENDIX – A:
01. PLANT ECONOMICS
02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)