CRUDE OIL REFINING
[EIRI/EDPR/4606] J.C.: 2823XL
INTRODUCTION
Crude oil, also called petroleum is a complex mixture of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons), which exist as a liquid in the earth's crust. Crude oil has many compositions, some is black, thick and tar like, while other crude oils are lighter in color and thinner. The carbon and hydrogen in crude oil are through to have originated from the remains of microscopic marine organisms that were deposited at the bottom of seas and oceans and was transfored at high temperature and pressure into crude oil and natural gas.
This oil and gas migrates upward through the porous rock, as it is less dense than the water which fills the pores. The oil and gas is trapped by a layer of impermeable rock through which they can't flow. Several different types of oil and gas "traps" exist; a common dome formed by folded sedimentary rocks. Crude oil is obtaned by drilling a hole into the reservoir rock (sandstone, limestone etc.) and pumping it out.
Although all fractions of petroleum find uses, the greatest demand is for gasoline. One barrel of crude petroleum contains only 25-35% gasoline. Transportation demands require that over 50% of the crude oil be converted into gasoline. To meet this demand some petroleum fractions must be converted to gasoline. This may be done by "cracking" breaking down large molecules of heavy heating oil; "reforming" changing molecular structures of low quality gasoline, molecules; or "polymerization" forming longer molecules from smaller ones. Conversion oil Refining.
Petroleum products are usually grouped into three categories; light distillate (LPG, gasoline, Naphtha), middle distillate (kerosene, diesel), heavy Distillate and residium (heavy fuel oil, lubricating oil, wax, asphalt).
This classification is based on the way crude oil is distilled and separated into fraction (called distillate and residuum).
COST ESTIMATION
Plant Capacity 83,33,333.334 Ltr./Day
Land & Building (1,00,000 sq.mt.) Rs. 106.50 Cr
Plant & Machinery Rs. 250.10 Cr
Working Capital for 3 Months Rs. 3912.95 Cr
Total Capital Investment Rs. 4293.06 Cr
Rate of Return 86%
Break Even Point 15%
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
BASICS OF CRUDE OIL
TYPICAL APPROXIMATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES AND GASOLINE POTENTIAL OF VARIOUS CRUDES
PROPERTIES
VISCOCITY
CONDENSATE
PROPERTIES OF CONDENSATE
OIL AND GAS SECTOR IN INDIA
RISING DEMAND OF OIL AND GAS SECTOR IN INDIA:
SITUATION IN INDUSTRY:
OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENTREPRENEURS:
INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS:
MARKET OVERVIEW OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN INDIA
MARKET SIZE
INVESTMENTS/RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
ROAD AHEAD
INDUSTRY SCENARIO OF REFINERY
NATURAL GAS INFRASTRUCTURE:
IMPORT & EXPORT:
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION:
UNION BUDGET 2023 HIGHLIGHTS
PRESENT CRUDE OIL REFINING IN INDIA
USES AND APPLICATIONS
B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF CRUDE OIL REFINING
PROCESS DETAILS
BASIS STEPS IN CRUDE OIL REFINING
DISTILLATION
CRACKING
TREATING
REFORMING
PRETREATMENT OF CRUDE OIL
DETAILS OF ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
SEQUENCES IN CRUDE OIL REFINERY
THE PROCESS OF CRUDE OIL REFINING
CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION
IMPORTANT PROCESSES OF A REFINERY
PREVENTION METHOD OF CORROSION IN CRUDE OIL REFINERIES
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND SAFETY CONCERN IN CRUDE OIL REFINERY
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
STORAGE LAYOUT:
EQUIPMENT LAYOUT:
SAFETY:
PLANT EXPANSION:
FLOOR SPACE:
UTILITIES SERVICING:
BUILDING:
MATERIAL-HANDLING EQUIPMENT:
RAILROADS AND ROADS:
MAJOR PROVISIONS IN ROAD PLANNING FOR MULTIPURPOSE SERVICE ARE:
PLANT LOCATION FACTORS
PRIMARY FACTORS
1. RAW-MATERIAL SUPPLY:
2. MARKETS:
3. POWER AND FUEL SUPPLY:
4. WATER SUPPLY:
5. CLIMATE:
SPECIFIC FACTORS
6. TRANSPORTATION:
A. AVAILABILITY OF VARIOUS SERVICES AND PROJECTED RATES
7. WASTE DISPOSAL:
8. LABOR:
9. REGULATORY LAWS:
10. TAXES:
11. SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
12. COMMUNITY FACTORS:
13. VULNERABILITY TO WARTIME ATTACK:
14. FLOOD AND FIRE CONTROL:
EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
1. DEPRECIATION:
2. FIXED ASSETS:
3. WORKING CAPITAL:
4. BREAK-EVEN POINT:
5. OTHER FIXED EXPENSES:
6. MARGIN MONEY:
7. TOTAL LOAD:
8. LAND AREA/MAN POWER RATIO:
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES
INTRODUCTION
PROJECT HANDLING
PROJECT SCHEDULING
PROJECT CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
TIME SCHEDULE
ADDRESSES OF RAW MATERIALS SUPPLIERS
CRUDE OIL
ADDRESS OF PLANT & MACHINERY SUPPLIERS
STORAGE VESSELS/TANKS
LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
BOILER
PLANT LAYOUT
APPENDIX – A:
01. PLANT ECONOMICS
02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
