ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH
[EIRI/EDPR/1367]J.C.:137INR, 138US$, 639
INTRODUCTION
Bentonite is an absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate, essentially impure clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite. There are different types of bentonite, each named after the respective dominant element, such as potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca) and aluminium (Al). Experts debate a number of nomenclatorial problems with the classification of bentonite clays. Bentonite usually forms from weathering of volcanic ash, most often in the presence of water. However, the term bentonite, as well as a similar clay called tonstein, has been used to describe clay beds of uncertain origin. For industrial purposes, two main classes of bentonite exist: sodium and calcium bentonite. In stratigraphy and tephrochronology, completely devitrified (weathered volcanic glass) ash-fall beds are commonly referred to as K-bentonites when the dominant clay species is illite. Other common clay species, and sometimes dominant, are montmorillonite and kaolinite. Kaolinite-dominated clays are commonly referred to as tonsteins and are typically associated with coal.
Sodium betonies
Sodium bentonite expands when wet, absorbing as much as several times its dry mass in water. Because of its excellent colloidal properties, it is often used in drilling mud for oil and gas wells and for geotechnical and environmental investigations.
The property of swelling also makes sodium bentonite useful as a sealant, since it provides a self-sealing, low permeability barrier. It is used to line the base of landfills to prevent migration of leachate, for quarantining metal pollutants of groundwater, and for the sealing of subsurface disposal systems for spent nuclear fuel. Similar uses include making slurry walls, waterproofing of below-grade walls, and forming other impermeable barriers, e.g., to seal off the annulus of a water well, to plug old wells. It is also used to form a barrier around newly planted trees to constrain root growth so as to prevent damage to nearby pipes, footpaths and other infrastructure.
Sodium bentonite can also be "sandwiched" between synthetic materials to create geo-synthetic clay liners (GCL) for the aforementioned purposes. This technique allows for more convenient transport and installation, and it greatly reduces the volume of sodium bentonite required.
Sodium bentonite is also used in a variety of pet care items such as cat litter to absorb the odour and surround the feces.
Various surface modifications to sodium bentonite improve some rheological or sealing performance in geoenviromental applications, for example, the addition of polymers.
Calcium bentonite
Calcium bentonite is a useful adsorbent of ions in solution, as well as fats and oils, being a main active ingredient of fuller's earth, probably one of the earliest industrial cleaning agents. Calcium bentonite may be converted to sodium bentonite (termed sodium beneficiation or sodium activation) to exhibit many of sodium bentonite's properties by a process known as "ion exchange" (patented in 1935 by Germans U Hofmann and K Endell). In common usage, this means adding 5–10% of a soluble sodium salt such as sodium carbonate to wet bentonite, mixing well, and allowing time for the ion exchange to take place and water to remove the exchanged calcium.[citation needed] Some properties, such as viscosity and fluid loss of suspensions, of sodium-beneficiated calcium bentonite (or sodium-activated bentonite) may not be fully equivalent to those of natural sodium bentonite. For example, residual calcium carbonates (formed if exchanged cations are insufficiently removed) may result in inferior performance of the bentonite in geosynthetic liners
Potassium bentonite
Also known as potash bentonite or K-bentonite, potassium bentonite is a potassium-rich illitic clay formed from alteration of volcanic ash.
Activated bleaching earth, a highly effective adsorbent essential in the refining process for the purification and decolourisation of edible and non-edible oils, fats, tallow, petroleum jelly, paraffin oil and waxes. As a kind of decolouring agent used for refining Oils. It can absorb and eliminate the pigment, aflatoxin and the carcinogenic substance of 3-4 benzpyrene in vegetable oil, in addition, it has strong ability of oil decolorization, high speed of filtering oil and low oil retention of filter cake. We mine, process and market all types of Bleaching Earth for all type of Fruits Juice, edible oils, non-edible oil and Vanaspati plants. It is used by many refineries in India, Sri Lanka, Africa and Malaysia with quality and consistency.
Application of our Activated Bleaching Earth: 1. Refining of Vegetable/Edible oils like: Coconut, Cottonseed, Soybean, Sunflower, Rapeseed, Mustard, Peanut, Corn, Olive, Ricebran, Palm, Palm-kernel, Linseed, Castor, Jajoba Canola oils. 2 Refining of hydrogenated vanaspati ghee oils, Margarine shortening. 3. Refining of Animal Fats like tallow oil, fish oil, lard oil. 4. Refining of Mineral Oils like: Paraffins and waxes, Insulating oil, Rolling oil, Transformer Oil, White oil, Waste oil (lubricating oil), Industrial triglycerides and fatty acids used for paints, varnishes and soaps. 5. Other applications like: Solvents (for dry cleaning), Bleaching of sulphur, Effluent treatment plants.
COST ESTIMATION
Plant Capacity 90 MT/Day
Land & Building (15,000 sq.mt.) Rs. 22.31 Cr
Plant & Machinery Rs. 4.57 Cr
Working Capital for 2 Months Rs. 9.73 Cr
Total Capital Investment Rs. 38.29 Cr
Rate of Return 50%
Break Even Point 36%
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
TYPES
SODIUM BETONIES
CALCIUM BENTONITE
POTASSIUM BENTONITE
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATION
USES AND APPLICATIONS
MEDICAL
IN THAI FARMING
BENTONITE SLURRY WALLS IN MODERN CONSTRUCTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
SALIENT FEATURES
BLEACHING EFFICIENCY:
RETENTION OF OIL:
ACID VALUE:
RATE OF FILTRATION:
CONTACT TIME IN THE BLEACHER:
GRADES:
B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
MARKET OVERVIEW
PROJECTED DEMAND
PRICING AND DISTRIBUTION
PRESENT MANUFACTURERS OF ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH
REQUIREMENTS FOR BLEACHING EARTH OF INDIAN ORIGIN USED FOR BLEACHING VEGETABLE OILS
METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TEST FOR BLEACHING EARTH
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
SCALE OF SAMPLING
TABLE 1: NUMBER OF CONTAINERS TO BE SELECTED FOR SAMPLING (CLAUSES 2.2.2 AND 2.2.3.1)
TEST SAMPLES AND REFEREE SAMPLES
NUMBER OF TESTS
CRITERION FOR CONFORMITY
TABLE 2 CRITERIA FOR CONFORMITY
QUALITY OF REAGENTS
MOISTURE CONTENT
BULK DENSITY
SIEVE ANALYSIS
B) APPARATUS
D) CALCULATION
BLEACHING EFFICIENCY
B) REAGENTS
C) APPARATUS
D.2.1. CALCULATION
ASH
B) APPARATUS
D) CALCULATION
PERFORMANCE TEST
REQUIREMENTS
TABLE 1 REQUIREMENTS FOR SPENT BLEACHING EARTH
PACKING AND MARKING
SAMPLING
RAW MATERIAL AND ITS PROPERTIES
MONTHLY RAW MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
BLEACHING CLAYS
NOMENCLATURE
ACID-ACTIVATION VS. ACID-TREATMENT OF THE CLAY
OTHER TYPES OF ACTIVATION OF BENTONITES AND OF DIFFERENT INERALS
NATURE OF THE ACID ACTIVATION OF NON-SWELLING-SMECTITES
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE SMECTITE CLAY MINERALS
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INTERLAYER EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS
THE EFFECT OF THE ACID TREATMENTS ON THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE SMECTITES
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
FLOW DIAGRAM FOR ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH
PRODUCTION PROCESS
PLANT LAYOUT
OTHER RELATED INFORMATIONS
ADSORPTION OF ACID DYES FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION ON ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH
MATERIALS AND METHODS
MATERIALS
ADSORPTION KINETICS
TABLE 1: SOME PROPERTIES OF THE ACID DYES USED IN THE PRESENT STUDY A
FIG. 1: MOLECULAR STRUCTURES OF ACID DYES USED IN THIS STUDY: (A) ACID ORANGE 51, (B) ACID BLUE 9, AND (C) ACID ORANGE 10
TABLE 2: PROPERTIES OF ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH USED IN THIS STUDY A
CONCLUSIONS
COMPLETE PLANT SUPPLIERS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
FILTER PRESS
CONVEYOR BELT
PULVERISER/GRINDER
STAINLESS STEEL TANKS
BALL MILL
KILN
DISINTEGRATORS
JAW CRUSHER
BUCKET ELEVATORS
BOILERS
DIESEL GENERATOR
SUPPLIER OF RAW MATERIALS
SULPHURIC ACID
BENTONITE
POLYTHENE BAGS
APPENDIX – A:
01. PLANT ECONOMICS
02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
